Richard Wagner’s Opera “Tannhäuser” in the Director’s Interpretation of Romeo Castellucci

The relevance of the study lies in the systematization of the expressive means of the director’s interpretation of R. Castellucci, who, using the semantic elements of Dionysianism and Appolonism, Pantheism and Christianity — the main pair of oppositions for the European cultural space, has compared not only the forms of expression, but also the concepts of art, Tannhäuser’s inability to make a choice and be successful. He sees positive elements in each of them, but without accepting them as a whole, always remains on the verge, being rejected by the system, unwilling to completely immerse himself in it. R. Castellucci interprets Tannhäuser’s image as a victim of the conventions of these systems. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of R. Castellucci’s producing, which is not substantially studied in Ukrainian musicology, although it opens a completely new interpretation of Tannhäuser. The figurative content of the main opposing forces here is fundamentally different from their previous incarnation on the opera stages of the world. The main objective of the study was to penetrate into the general interpretive vision of the work — its maximum symbolization, the use of figurative and semantic elements and their combinations in the work, which constitute the semantic field of the production, having a wide variance of perception and not directly following the plot, avoiding narrative and at the same time not deviating from the author’s text. The theme of love in its sensual and spiritual, as well as art and its forms of expression — the opposition of these criteria by R. Wagner is significantly complicated through the interpretation of them by R. Castellucci in postmodern discourse, where a set of pre-meanings gains direct meaning. So Venus and Venusburg, for R. Wagner, are a symbol of sensuality, and the director exaggerates the sensual to the meaning of “indecent”, where “hyper” becomes the primary characteristic, which is inherent in the elements of the production as a whole. The study was done by using semiotic principles of the director’s work and their semantic load determined the main methodological approaches of research in accordance with the works of J. Baudrillard, which were based on the algorithm for the structural analysis of an opera work developed by M. R. Cherkashina-Gubarenko. Elizabeth is the opposition to this discourse, and the Wartburg society is the personification of excessive rationalization, which makes it mechanized and devoid of humanity, impervious to other points of view, that is, totalitarian. In the end, Tannhäuser and Elizabeth are freed from the irreconcilable tension between discourses, the end of which becomes a deeply symbolic non-existence and stratification of space, time, performer and character. In any case, Tannhäuser does not really renounce his beliefs; the blossom of the bishop’s staff as a sign of divine grace refers not so much to Tannhäuser as to labeling his views as permissible in a variety of opinions, but alien to the clerical spirit and its institutions. As a result we can argue that the director departs from traditional interpretations of the plot and value judgments of a certain world, leaving unanswered the question of the normativity of one of them as opposed to the other, makes filling with symbolic images, while blurring clear lines and avoiding direct definition through illustrative direction. In general, everything hyper-, over-, “too” and “exaggerated” is characteristic of the director’s interpretations of R. Castellucci. His postmodern vision of the theater and some kinship with the “theater of cruelty” A. Artaud, allows, according to R. Castellucci, to experience these emotions outside of real life, to sublimate them through art — which was the focus of ancient tragedy. The study has significance from the point of view of an artistic and scientific description of the modern stage director’s theater, the principles of the artist’s work with material and its adaptation to modernity without violating the author’s intention. It can be used as a material in the studying of directors of musical theater and in introductory courses on modern trends in operatic art.

Boundary Conditions that Remove Certain Ultraviolet Divergences

In quantum field theory, Hamiltonians contain particle creation and annihilation terms that are usually ultraviolet (UV) divergent. It is well known that these divergences can sometimes be removed by adding counter-terms and by taking limits in which a UV cutoff tends toward infinity. Here, I review a novel way of removing UV divergences: by imposing a type of boundary condition on the wave function. These conditions, called interior-boundary conditions (IBCs), relate the values of the wave function at two configurations linked by the creation or annihilation of a particle. They allow for a direct definition of the Hamiltonian without renormalization or limiting procedures. In the last section, I review another boundary condition that serves to determine the probability distribution of detection times and places on a time-like 3-surface.

Cubical Agda: A dependently typed programming language with univalence and higher inductive types

Proof assistants based on dependent type theory provide expressive languages for both programming and proving within the same system. However, all of the major implementations lack powerful extensionality principles for reasoning about equality, such as function and propositional extensionality. These principles are typically added axiomatically which disrupts the constructive properties of these systems. Cubical type theory provides a solution by giving computational meaning to Homotopy Type Theory and Univalent Foundations, in particular to the univalence axiom and higher inductive types (HITs). This paper describes an extension of the dependently typed functional programming language Agda with cubical primitives, making it into a full-blown proof assistant with native support for univalence and a general schema of HITs. These new primitives allow the direct definition of function and propositional extensionality as well as quotient types, all with computational content. Additionally, thanks also to copatterns, bisimilarity is equivalent to equality for coinductive types. The adoption of cubical type theory extends Agda with support for a wide range of extensionality principles, without sacrificing type checking and constructivity.

ESSENCE OF THE SERVICE CATEGORY IN FORENSIC MERCHANDISING

The article states that market of services, as a field of economic activity, plays the role of a leading sector of the national economy is not without certain problems, among which was the possibility of evaluating the service within the forensic merchandising. It is noted that researchers of the concept of service paid attention to its direct definition, description of the characteristics inherent in services and identify differences between the concepts: Goods, service, work. It is established the essence of the concept of service remains debatable and insufficiently researched regarding its application in forensic merchandising. In view of this, various structural elements of the concept of service were systematized into a single holistic definition by studying scientific approaches, terminological analysis and refining the definitions of this concept from different sources. It is established that uncertainty of services is that they are processes, not material objects and do not fall under the traditional definition of goods; identified a number of properties that distinguish services from tangible goods, and identified specific features of intangible services. It is emphasized that researching on category essence of service in forensic merchandising, one cannot ignore the interpretation of this term by legislators and scholars. Analysis of the service definition in regulations has established that the generalizing concept of service for these acts is a service as an action that has a certain beneficial effect, i.e. has benefits for consumer. Scientists argue that the service usually is an intangible product, process, and ownership of it for its sale to the consumer does not arise; ownership may arise as a result of the provision of the service. The essential service characteristic is defined by scientists as economic value, which makes it an object of commercial activity, a subject of trade and an object of purchase and sale; it turns it into an economic good. It is established that service concept is most often associated with the action or activity of the service provider aimed at meeting the needs of the consumer and is realized at the time of its provision.

On Lines of Flight: The Theory of Political Transformation in A Thousand Plateaus

The concept of the line of flight is used with striking regularity throughout A Thousand Plateaus where it plays a vital role in connecting the other conceptual innovations of the book, including the concepts of the assemblage and the machine. Despite its importance, Deleuze and Guattari never offer a direct definition of the concept, and the reader of A Thousand Plateaus is left to discern its meaning from its various uses. This is especially frustrating for those whose interest in the text is political and who wish to use the conceptual framework of the book to analyse the socio-political assemblages in which they live. In response to this issue, this paper offers a clear and concise introduction to the concept of the line of flight. Furthermore, by analysing the way in which Deleuze and Guattari use this concept in their political analyses of feudalism and capitalism, this article illuminates the more general meaning of the concept of the line of flight through the more specific question of its usage in Deleuze and Guattari's attempt to think a post-capitalist future.

FISCAL POLICY DIRECTIONS OF SMALL ENTERPRISES AND ANTI-CRISIS MEASURES ON MODERN STAGE: DURING THE TRANSFORMATION OF GEORGIA TO THE EU

The paper is aimed to determine the optimality of taxation, that can be used to plan and implement effective anti-crisis measures. Objective is not to define or diagnose crisis and suggest strategies, but to offer methodologies, that can be used to determine the influence of formal and informal institutions of company’s ongoing activities. To develop recommendations for avoiding business crisis situation and support its development. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the main provisions of the market economy, legislative and regulatory acts of Georgia and foreign countries, statistical data of Georgia, the global risks report, government bodies and business structures in this field. In the process of analysis of the actual material, together with the general scientific method of research, is used: systemic analysis, comparative analysis of scientific literature, statistical analysis, analogy and other methods. As a result of researches it is established that developed countries emphasize the importance of fairness, while developing countries are mainly focused on mobilizing budget revenues and lesser consideration of fair taxation principles, since the tax system performs a fiscal function more effectively than developing countries. In our opinion, the main idea of tax policy should be the optimal distribution of tax literacy on the basis of a direct definition of income of taxpayers or progressive taxation. Practical implementation of the proposed proposals will facilitate further improvement of the social climate in the country, revitalize small and medium businesses, and solve the problem of employment in the country.