The Size of the Simon Effect Depends on the Nature of the Relevant Task

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Lammertyn ◽  
Wim Notebaert ◽  
Wim Gevers ◽  
Wim Fias
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Simon Effect ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract. Four experiments were conducted to investigate contextual modulations of the Simon effect. The results showed that the Simon effect was quantitatively different depending on which kind of task needed to be performed. Importantly, this effect did not depend on the relative processing time of the relevant dimension, nor on a direct or indirect overlap between the relevant and irrelevant stimulus part. To account for the data, we refer to the neural overlap hypothesis, which extends the definition of dimensional overlap ( Kornblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, 1990 ) with similarity of processing regions as the key factor for the interaction between relevant and irrelevant information processing.

Distinctive Phonetic Features as Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus Dimensions in Speech-Sound Discrimination Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425
Author(s):  
Stuart I. Ritterman ◽  
Nancy C. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Irrelevant Dimension ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Relevant Dimension ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Sound Discrimination ◽  
Nonsense Syllables

Thirty-two college students were required to learn the relevant dimension in each of two randomized lists of auditorily presented stimuli. The stimuli consisted of seven pairs of CV nonsense syllables differing by two relevant dimension units and from zero to seven irrelevant dimension units. Stimulus dimensions were determined according to Saporta’s units of difference. No significant differences in performance as a function of number of the irrelevant dimensions nor characteristics of the relevant dimension were observed.

scholarly journals Perceptual decisions are biased toward relevant prior choices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Feigin ◽  
Shira Baror ◽  
Moshe Bar ◽  
Adam Zaidel
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Irrelevant Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Feature ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
High Level ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractPerceptual decisions are biased by recent perceptual history—a phenomenon termed 'serial dependence.' Here, we investigated what aspects of perceptual decisions lead to serial dependence, and disambiguated the influences of low-level sensory information, prior choices and motor actions. Participants discriminated whether a brief visual stimulus lay to left/right of the screen center. Following a series of biased ‘prior’ location discriminations, subsequent ‘test’ location discriminations were biased toward the prior choices, even when these were reported via different motor actions (using different keys), and when the prior and test stimuli differed in color. By contrast, prior discriminations about an irrelevant stimulus feature (color) did not substantially influence subsequent location discriminations, even though these were reported via the same motor actions. Additionally, when color (not location) was discriminated, a bias in prior stimulus locations no longer influenced subsequent location discriminations. Although low-level stimuli and motor actions did not trigger serial-dependence on their own, similarity of these features across discriminations boosted the effect. These findings suggest that relevance across perceptual decisions is a key factor for serial dependence. Accordingly, serial dependence likely reflects a high-level mechanism by which the brain predicts and interprets new incoming sensory information in accordance with relevant prior choices.

Il modello sociale europeo. Valutazioni e contributi delle chiese e confessioni religiose d'Europa

2013 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Marco Ricceri
Keyword(s):  
Social Model ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
European Social Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Definition Of

The evolution of the European integration process and the foundation of the Union, invite us to consider the National welfare systems in a wider outlook: the European Social Model (ESM). Integration process and EU foundation are both essential components to the ESM and they receive constant impulse towards the adoption of modern practices and rules. Without reference to the European framework we run the risk to simplify the understanding of both specific features of the national welfare models and of the contribution given by the religious traditions to their development. It is at the European level that the Churches and the religious Congregations have been able to introduce several central elements in the new social policy guidelines valid for the all national systems. An analysis and assessment of the influence brought by the Churches to the E.U. becomes a key factor in a scientific analytical study. Chapter aims to discuss: a) approaches to the "Social Question" assumed by the European authorities; b) the social system as defined by the Lisbon Treaty (2007); c) a shared definition of the "European Social Model"; d) the influence of Religious Congregations to defining the E.U. principles; e) the support of the Churches towards a sustainable social and economic development.

scholarly journals From Macro to Microscopic Trip Generation: Representing Heterogeneous Travel Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Moeckel ◽  
Leta Huntsinger ◽  
Rick Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Computer Processing ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Trip Generation ◽  
Household Type ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Generation Mode ◽  
Definition Of

Background: In four-step travel demand models, average trip generation rates are traditionally applied to static household type definitions. In reality, however, trip generation is more heterogeneous with some households making no trips and other households making more than a dozen trips, even if they are of the same household type. Objective: This paper aims at improving trip-generation methods without jumping all the way to an activity-based model, which is a very costly form of modeling travel demand both in terms of development and computer processing time. Method: Two fundamental improvements in trip generation are presented in this paper. First, the definition of household types, which traditionally is based on professional judgment rather than science, is revised to optimally reflect trip generation differences between the household types. For this purpose, over 67 million definitions of household types were analyzed econometrically in a Big-Data exercise. Secondly, a microscopic trip generation module was developed that specifies trip generation individually for every household. Results: This new module allows representing the heterogeneity in trip generation found in reality, with the ability to maintain all household attributes for subsequent models. Even though the following steps in a trip-based model used in this research remained unchanged, the model was improved by using microscopic trip generation. Mode-specific constants were reduced by 9%, and the Root Mean Square Error of the assignment validation improved by 7%.

scholarly journals SMART POWER AS THE FACTOR IN THE SINO-U.S. RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Cheng Guo ◽  
Yin Qun
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Power Construction ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Definition Of

This research work analyzes the characteristics of American public diplomacy from the perspectives of smart power theory, comparing China and the United States’ smart power strategy. The article revealed that globalization and the process of technological evolution have led profound changes in the contempopary world politics and international relations, the smart power factors such as culture, science, technology, and information have become increasingly prominent in political science. These factors have not only created the fundamental theory of smart power, but also affected the form and definition of diplomacy. The research methodology is based on a complex combination of scientific methods, mainly comparative, analytical, systematic. The obtained conclusions can be referred that smart power as a key factor, has become a new theoretical perspective for understanding changes in contempopary international relations and foreign policy. It has naturally become the theoretical support for public diplomacy, meanwhile public diplomacy itself is also an important content and strategic path for smart power construction.

Indigenato Before Race? Some Proposals on Portuguese Forced Labour Law in Mozambique and the African Empire (1926–62)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHEL CAHEN
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Native People ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Definition Of

Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a stigmatising tool, this chapter argues, through a careful analysis of colonial law and practice, that the production of ‘nativeness’ was related to clear consciousness of Africans living outside the capitalist economy and social sphere. This helps us to understand that emerging forced labour represented not a smooth transition from slavery, but a rupture between two colonial ages and modes of production. Therefore, if colonial racism obviously used skin colour to construct a social bar, above all it used the definition of otherness as external to the capitalist sphere. Petty whites and natives could live side by side in suburban neighbourhoods, but in two impermeable spheres. Racism was pervasively present, but it was more social than racial.

Photomorphogenesis of wheat sprouts with LED irradiation of different intensities

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
T Han ◽  
T Astafurova ◽  
S Turanov ◽  
A Burenina ◽  
A Butenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Led Irradiation

Definition of the growth and development characteristics of plants in varied light conditions is a key factor for the creation of highly efficient light facilities for plant cultivation. Experimental research was conducted using an LED irradiation facility with photosynthetic photon flux densities ranging from 0 to 261 μmol m−2 s−1 and a continuous spectrum with maxima at 445 and 600 nm. Under the maximum photosynthetic photon flux density (261 μmol m− 2 s−1) wheat germs demonstrated diminishing leaf surface with high values of specific leaf area, enhanced pubescence of ground tissues, increases in the number of stomata on the upper epidermis and palisade, and an increase in the thickness of the leaves as well as an increase in carotenoids but a decrease in the chlorophyll a+b/carotenoids relation. It was revealed that the optimum level of photosynthetic photon flux density for the referred spectrum was in the range from 82 to 100 µmol m−2 s−1, which may enable a reduction of irradiance under specific conditions during early development with no harm to the plants while minimizing energy consumption during cultivation.

Alcohol Effects on Information Processing Time with an Overlearned Task1

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Moskowitz ◽  
Marcelline Burns
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Response Uncertainty ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Alcohol Impairment ◽  
Alcohol Effects ◽  
Alcohol Treatments

Response latencies in naming visually displayed numbers were measured for 20 Ss under control and alcohol treatments. The size of the stimulus pool was varied by sets of trials to produce stimulus-response uncertainty in the range 0 to 5 bits. Response latencies were a function of the amount of uncertainty, but alcohol impairment was not.

Modular Product Configuration: An Automatic Tool for Eliciting Design Knowledge From Parametric CAD Models

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Raffaeli ◽  
Paolo Cicconi ◽  
Maura Mengoni ◽  
Michele Germani
Keyword(s):  
Product Configuration ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Modular Product ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Cad Models ◽  
Configuration System ◽  
Automatic Tool ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Short Time

The offer of tailored products is a key factor to satisfy specific customer needs in the current competitive market. Modular products can easily support customization in a short time. Design process, in this case, can be regarded as a configuration task where solution is achieved through the combination of modules in overall product architecture. In this scenario efficient configuration design tools are evermore important. Although many tools have been already proposed in literature, they need further investigation to be applicable in real industrial practice, because of the high efforts required to implement system and the lack of flexibility in products updating. This work describes an approach to overcome drawbacks and to introduce a product independent configuration system which can be useful in designing recurrent product modules. To manage configuration from the designer perspective, the approach is based on Configurable Virtual Prototypes (CVP). In particular, the definition of geometrical models is analyzed providing a tool for eliciting and reusing knowledge introduced by parametric template CAD models. Semantic rules are used to recognize parts parameterization and assembly mating constraints. The approach is exemplified through a case study.

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