Recognizing and Predicting Movement Effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouwen Cañal-Bruland ◽  
A. Mark Williams
Keyword(s):  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Motor Resonance ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Ball Contact ◽  
Point Light ◽  
Movement Differences ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Kinematic Information

It is not clear whether the critical features used to discriminate movements are identical to those involved in predicting the same movement’s effects and consequently, whether the mechanisms underlying recognition and anticipation differ. We examined whether people rely on different kinematic information when required to recognize differences in the movement pattern in comparison to when they have to anticipate the outcome of these same movements. Naïve participants were presented with paired presentations of point-light animated tennis shots that ended at racket-ball contact. We instructed them either to judge whether the movements observed were the same or different or to predict shot direction (left vs. right). In addition, we locally manipulated the kinematics of point-light figures in an effort to identify the critical features used when making recognition and anticipation judgments. It appears that observers rely on different sources of information when required to recognize movement differences compared to when they need to anticipate the outcome of the same observed movements. Findings are discussed with reference to recent ideas focusing on the role of perceptual and motor resonance in perceptual judgments.

Children’s understanding of others’ emotional states

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Gil ◽  
Marc Aguert ◽  
Ludovic Le Bigot ◽  
Agnès Lacroix ◽  
Virginie Laval
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Emotional Prosody ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Natural Combination ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Complementary Study

The ability to infer the emotional states of others is central to our everyday interactions. These inferences can be drawn from several different sources of information occurring simultaneously in the communication situation. Based on previous studies revealing that children pay more heed to situational context than to emotional prosody when inferring the emotional states of others, we decided to focus on this issue, broadening the investigation to find out whether the natural combination of emotional prosody and faces (that is, paralinguistic cues) can overcome the dominance of situational context (that is, extralinguistic cues), and if so, at what age? In Experiment 1, children aged 3–9 years played a computer game in which they had to judge the emotional state of a character, based on two sources of information (that is, extralinguistic and paralinguistic) that were either congruent or conflicting. In Condition 1, situational context was compared with emotional prosody; in Condition 2, situational context was compared with emotional prosody combined with emotional faces. In a complementary study (Experiment 2) the same 3-year-olds performed recognition tasks with the three cues presented in isolation. Results highlighted the fundamental role of both cues, as a) situational context dominated prosody in all age groups, but b) the combination of emotional facial expression and prosody overcame this dominance, especially among the youngest and oldest children. We discuss our findings in the light of previous research and theories of both language and emotional development.

scholarly journals Exosome-Derived Mediators as Potential Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Network Approach

Proteomes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Liliana Moreira-Costa ◽  
António S. Barros ◽  
André P. Lourenço ◽  
Adelino F. Leite-Moreira ◽  
Rita Nogueira-Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Gamma Chain ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Exosomal Mirnas ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are widely recognized as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in clinical management over the past decades, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Exosomes have drawn the attention of researchers for their relevance in intercellular communication under both physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles are suggested as complementary prospective biomarkers of CVDs; however, the role of exosomes in CVDs is still not fully elucidated. Here, we performed a literature search on exosomal biogenesis, characteristics, and functions, as well as the different available exosomal isolation techniques. Moreover, aiming to give new insights into the interaction between exosomes and CVDs, network analysis on the role of exosome-derived mediators in coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) was also performed to incorporate the different sources of information. The upregulated exosomal miRNAs miR-133a, miR-208a, miR-1, miR-499-5p, and miR-30a were described for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, while the exosome-derived miR-192, miR-194, miR-146a, and miR-92b-5p were considered as potential biomarkers for HF development. In CAD patients, upregulated exosomal proteins, including fibrinogen beta/gamma chain, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain, and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, were assessed as putative protein biomarkers. From downregulated proteins in CAD patients, albumin, clusterin, and vitamin D-binding protein were considered relevant to assess prognosis. The Vesiclepedia database included miR-133a of exosomal origin upregulated in patients with CAD and the exosomal miR-192, miR-194, and miR-146a upregulated in patients with HF. Additionally, Vesiclepedia included 5 upregulated and 13 downregulated exosomal proteins in patients in CAD. The non-included miRNAs and proteins have not yet been identified in exosomes and can be proposed for further research. This report highlights the need for further studies focusing on the identification and validation of miRNAs and proteins of exosomal origin as biomarkers of CAD and HF, which will enable, using exosomal biomarkers, the guiding of diagnosis/prognosis in CVDs.

scholarly journals The Role of Self-Construal in Eyewitness Memories: Susceptibility to Different Sources of Information

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Serra Tekin ◽  
Katharina Brecht ◽  
Madeleine Mahin Dalsklev ◽  
Malgorzata Irminska ◽  
Laurien Nagels-Coune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Different Sources

scholarly journals Issue expertise in policymaking

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. May ◽  
Chris Koski ◽  
Nicholas Stramp
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Critical Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Congressional Hearings ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractIn considering issue expertise in policymaking, we unpack differences in the supply and types of expertise with attention to the presumed privileged role of the bureaucracy. Our empirical investigation is based on witness testimonies of congressional hearings for a policy area involving various forms of expertise – critical infrastructure protection policymaking. Three sets of findings stand out. One set substantiates the role of the bureaucracy as an important information conduit while also showing it is not a primary source of issue expertise. A second set shows how differences in issue maturity and salience affect the demand for and supply of expertise. A third set illustrates the influence of a small cadre of hyper-expertise in drawing attention to problems and solutions across different venues. These findings challenge the conventional view of the bureaucracy in policymaking while expanding the understanding of different sources of information and types of issue expertise in policymaking.

scholarly journals The modulation of event-related alpha rhythm during the time course of anticipation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Simonet ◽  
Hadj Boumediene Meziane ◽  
Oliver Richard Runswick ◽  
Jamie Stephen North ◽  
Andrew Mark Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Motor Representations ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Kinematic Information

AbstractAnticipation is the ability to accurately predict future actions or events ahead of the act itself. When attempting to anticipate, researchers have identified that at least two broad sources of information are used: contextual information relating to the situation in question; and biological motion from postural cues. However, the neural correlates associated with the processing of these different sources of information across groups varying in expertise has yet to be examined empirically. We compared anticipation performance and electrophysiological activity in groups of expert (n = 12) and novice (n = 15) performers using a video-based task. Participants made anticipation judgements after being presented information under three conditions: contextual information only; kinematic information only; and both sources of information combined. The experts responded more accurately across all three conditions. Stronger alpha event-related desynchronization over occipital and frontocentral sites occurred in experts compared to the novices when anticipating. The experts relied on stronger preparatory attentional mechanisms when they processed contextual information. When kinematic information was available, the domain specific motor representations built up over many years of practice likely underpinned expertise. Our findings have implications for those interested in identifying and subsequently, enhancing the neural mechanisms involved in anticipation.

scholarly journals An integral role for timing in interception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Jung Chang ◽  
Mehrdad Jazayeri
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Implicit Timing ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Kinematic Information

AbstractTiming is critical for myriad behaviors in dynamic environments. For example, to intercept an object, the brain must compute a reliable estimate of time-to-contact (TTC). Prior work suggests that humans compute TTC using kinematic information such as distance and speed without explicitly relying on temporal cues, just as one would do in a physics classroom using kinematic equations. Considering the inherent uncertainty associated with estimates of speed and distance and the ability of human brain to combine different sources of information, we asked whether humans additionally rely on temporal cues. We found that humans actively integrate speed information with both explicit and implicit timing cues. Analysis of behavior in relation to a Bayesian model revealed that the additional temporal information helps subjects optimize their performance in the presence of measurement uncertainty. These findings suggest that brain’s timing mechanisms are actively engaged while interacting with dynamic stimuli.

Perception and Recognition of Normal and Negative Faces: The Role of Shape from Shading and Pigmentation Cues

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kemp ◽  
Graham Pike ◽  
Peter White ◽  
Alex Musselman
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Surface Geometry ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
Colour Image ◽  
Three Dimensional Representation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Image Transformations

A face is surprisingly difficult to recognise when presented in photographic negative, and negation has also been shown to affect simple perceptual judgments about a face. Two possible explanations for this effect are examined. In the shape-from-shading explanation it is argued that negating an image results in an impossible pattern of shading, and that this disrupts the formation of a three-dimensional representation of the surface geometry of the face. In an alternative account for this effect it is suggested that identification errors occur as a consequence of changes to the apparent pigmentation of the face caused by negating the image. Three experiments are reported which are designed to test these explanations by using novel colour-image transformations in which the hue and luminance components of images are independently manipulated. The results of these studies suggest that although changes to the apparent pigmentation of a face might result in identification errors in some situations, the loss of shape-from-shading cues is a more important cause of the negation effect. The role of these two sources of information in the recognition of normal faces is also discussed.

Transmigration und Kapitalismus

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (140) ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
Julia Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Different Sources

Based on an ethnographical study the article presents the problems of Soviet migrants with capitalistic every day life. The reaction of the migrants and the role of their imagination of capitalism, which was formed by different sources in the former Soviet Union, is investigated.

Michael Kelly, Hilary Footitt, Myriam Salama-Carr (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Zvada
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Speakers Of Other Languages ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
Almost All

This Handbook maps the contours of an exciting and burgeoning interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of language and languages in situations of conflict. It explores conceptual approaches, sources of information that are available, and the institutions and actors that mediate language encounters. It examines case studies of the role that languages have played in specific conflicts, from colonial times through to the Middle East and Africa today. The contributors provide vibrant evidence to challenge the monolingual assumptions that have affected traditional views of war and conflict. They show that languages are woven into every aspect of the making of war and peace, and demonstrate how language shapes public policy and military strategy, setting frameworks and expectations. The Handbook's 22 chapters powerfully illustrate how the encounter between languages is integral to almost all conflicts, to every phase of military operations and to the lived experiences of those on the ground, who meet, work and fight with speakers of other languages. This comprehensive work will appeal to scholars from across the disciplines of linguistics, translation studies, history, and international relations; and provide fresh insights for a broad range of practitioners interested in understanding the role and implications of foreign languages in war.

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