scholarly journals Observed ENSO teleconnections to Southern Ocean SST anomalies diagnosed from a surface mixed layer heat budget

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Ciasto ◽  
Matthew H. England
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Enso Teleconnections ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget ◽  
Sst Anomalies

scholarly journals Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature off Java and Sumatra in a Global GCM*

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2451-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Du ◽  
Tangdong Qu ◽  
Gary Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Horizontal Advection ◽  
Cold Anomaly ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract Using results from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), this study assesses the mixed layer heat budget to identify the mechanisms that control the interannual variation of sea surface temperature (SST) off Java and Sumatra. The analysis indicates that during the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) years, cold SST anomalies are phase locked with the season cycle. They may exceed −3°C near the coast of Sumatra and extend as far westward as 80°E along the equator. The depth of the thermocline has a prominent influence on the generation and maintenance of SST anomalies. In the normal years, cooling by upwelling–entrainment is largely counterbalanced by warming due to horizontal advection. In the cooling episode of IOD events, coastal upwelling–entrainment is enhanced, and as a result of mixed layer shoaling, the barrier layer no longer exists, so that the effect of upwelling–entrainment can easily reach the surface mixed layer. Horizontal advection spreads the cold anomaly to the interior tropical Indian Ocean. Near the coast of Java, the northern branch of an anomalous anticyclonic circulation spreads the cold anomaly to the west near the equator. Both the anomalous advection and the enhanced, wind-driven upwelling generate the cold SST anomaly of the positive IOD. At the end of the cooling episode, the enhanced surface thermal forcing overbalances the cooling effect by upwelling/entrainment, and leads to a warming in SST off Java and Sumatra.

scholarly journals Intraseasonal Modulation of the Surface Cooling in the Gulf of Guinea

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Jouanno ◽  
Frédéric Marin ◽  
Yves du Penhoat ◽  
Jean-Marc Molines
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Upper Ocean ◽  
Equatorial Waves ◽  
Gulf Of Guinea ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget ◽  
Inertia Gravity Waves

Abstract A regional numerical model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and observations are analyzed to investigate the intraseasonal fluctuations of the sea surface temperature at the equator in the Gulf of Guinea. Results indicate that the seasonal cooling in this region is significantly shaped by short-duration cooling events caused by wind-forced equatorial waves: mixed Rossby–gravity waves within the 12–20-day period band, inertia–gravity waves with periods below 11 days, and equatorially trapped Kelvin waves with periods between 25 and 40 days. In these different ranges of frequencies, it is shown that the wave-induced horizontal oscillations of the northern front of the mean cold tongue dominate the variations of mixed layer temperature near the equator. But the model mixed layer heat budget also shows that the equatorial waves make a significant contribution to the mixed layer heat budget through modulation of the turbulent cooling, especially above the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). The turbulent cooling variability is found to be mainly controlled by the intraseasonal modulation of the vertical shear in the upper ocean. This mechanism is maximum during periods of seasonal cooling, especially in boreal summer, when the surface South Equatorial Current is strongest and between 2°S and the equator, where the presence of the EUC provides a background vertical shear in the upper ocean. It applies for the three types of intraseasonal waves. Inertia–gravity waves also modulate the turbulent heat flux at the equator through vertical displacement of the core of the EUC in response to equatorial divergence and convergence.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of dissolved and labile particulate iron supply to shelf waters and phytoplankton blooms off South Georgia, Southern Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 4973-4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Schlosser ◽  
Katrin Schmidt ◽  
Alfred Aquilina ◽  
William B. Homoky ◽  
Maxi Castrillejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Surface Mixed Layer ◽  
Pore Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Shelf Sediments ◽  
Bottom Waters

Abstract. The island of South Georgia is situated in the iron (Fe)-depleted Antarctic Circumpolar Current of the Southern Ocean. Iron emanating from its shelf system fuels large phytoplankton blooms downstream of the island, but the actual supply mechanisms are unclear. To address this, we present an inventory of Fe, manganese (Mn), and aluminium (Al) in shelf sediments, pore waters, and the water column in the vicinity of South Georgia, alongside data on zooplankton-mediated Fe cycling processes, and provide estimates of the relative dissolved Fe (DFe) fluxes from these sources. Seafloor sediments, modified by authigenic Fe precipitation, were the main particulate Fe source to shelf bottom waters as indicated by the similar Fe ∕ Mn and Fe ∕ Al ratios for shelf sediments and suspended particles in the water column. Less than 1 % of the total particulate Fe pool was leachable surface-adsorbed (labile) Fe and therefore potentially available to organisms. Pore waters formed the primary DFe source to shelf bottom waters, supplying 0.1–44 µmol DFe m−2 d−1. However, we estimate that only 0.41±0.26 µmol DFe m−2 d−1 was transferred to the surface mixed layer by vertical diffusive and advective mixing. Other trace metal sources to surface waters included glacial flour released by melting glaciers and via zooplankton egestion and excretion processes. On average 6.5±8.2 µmol m−2 d−1 of labile particulate Fe was supplied to the surface mixed layer via faecal pellets formed by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), with a further 1.1±2.2 µmol DFe m−2 d−1 released directly by the krill. The faecal pellets released by krill included seafloor-derived lithogenic and authigenic material and settled algal debris, in addition to freshly ingested suspended phytoplankton cells. The Fe requirement of the phytoplankton blooms ∼ 1250 km downstream of South Georgia was estimated as 0.33±0.11 µmol m−2 d−1, with the DFe supply by horizontal/vertical mixing, deep winter mixing, and aeolian dust estimated as ∼0.12 µmol m−2 d−1. We hypothesize that a substantial contribution of DFe was provided through recycling of biogenically stored Fe following luxury Fe uptake by phytoplankton on the Fe-rich shelf. This process would allow Fe to be retained in the surface mixed layer of waters downstream of South Georgia through continuous recycling and biological uptake, supplying the large downstream phytoplankton blooms.

Estimating uncertainties on a Gulf Stream mixed-layer heat budget from stochastic modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia K. Ayoub ◽  
Marc Lucas ◽  
Pierre De Mey
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Modeling ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget

scholarly journals Simulated Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northern Indian Ocean*

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3249-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clémentde Boyer Montégut ◽  
Jérôme Vialard ◽  
S. S. C. Shenoi ◽  
D. Shankar ◽  
Fabien Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Northern Indian Ocean ◽  
Solar Heat ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget ◽  
Solar Heat Flux

Abstract A global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to investigate the mixed layer heat budget of the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The model is validated against observations and shows fairly good agreement with mixed layer depth data in the NIO. The NIO has been separated into three subbasins: the western Arabian Sea (AS), the eastern AS, and the Bay of Bengal (BoB). This study reveals strong differences between the western and eastern AS heat budget, while the latter basin has similarities with the BoB. Interesting new results on seasonal time scales are shown. The penetration of solar heat flux needs to be taken into account for two reasons. First, an average of 28 W m−2 is lost beneath the mixed layer over the year. Second, the penetration of solar heat flux tends to reduce the effect of solar heat flux on the SST seasonal cycle in the AS because the seasons of strongest flux are also seasons with a thin mixed layer. This enhances the control of SST seasonal variability by latent heat flux. The impact of salinity on SST variability is demonstrated. Salinity stratification plays a clear role in maintaining a high winter SST in the BoB and eastern AS while not in the western AS. The presence of freshwater near the surface allows heat storage below the surface layer that can later be recovered by entrainment warming during winter cooling (with a winter contribution of +2.1°C in the BoB). On an interannual time scale, the eastern AS and BoB are strongly controlled by the winds through the latent heat flux anomalies. In the western AS, vertical processes, as well as horizontal advection, contribute significantly to SST interannual variability, and the wind is not the only factor controlling the heat flux forcing.

scholarly journals Multidecadal-scale adjustment of the ocean mixed layer heat budget in the tropics: examining ocean reanalyses

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1513-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry H. Cook ◽  
Edward K. Vizy ◽  
Xiaoming Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Ocean Mixed Layer ◽  
Ocean Reanalyses ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget ◽  
The Tropics

Seasonal Cycle of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northeastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 8169-8188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Foltz ◽  
Claudia Schmid ◽  
Rick Lumpkin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Mixed Layer Heat Budget ◽  
Vertical Turbulent Mixing

Abstract The seasonal cycle of the mixed layer heat budget in the northeastern tropical Atlantic (0°–25°N, 18°–28°W) is quantified using in situ and satellite measurements together with atmospheric reanalysis products. This region is characterized by pronounced latitudinal movements of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and strong meridional variations of the terms in the heat budget. Three distinct regimes within the northeastern tropical Atlantic are identified. The trade wind region (15°–25°N) experiences a strong annual cycle of mixed layer heat content that is driven by approximately out-of-phase annual cycles of surface shortwave radiation (SWR), which peaks in boreal summer, and evaporative cooling, which reaches a minimum in boreal summer. The surface heat-flux-induced changes in the mixed layer heat content are damped by a strong annual cycle of cooling from vertical turbulent mixing, estimated from the residual in the heat balance. In the ITCZ core region (3°–8°N) a weak seasonal cycle of mixed layer heat content is driven by a semiannual cycle of SWR and damped by evaporative cooling and vertical turbulent mixing. On the equator the seasonal cycle of mixed layer heat content is balanced by an annual cycle of SWR that reaches a maximum in October and a semiannual cycle of turbulent mixing that cools the mixed layer most strongly during May–July and November. These results emphasize the importance of the surface heat flux and vertical turbulent mixing for the seasonal cycle of mixed layer heat content in the northeastern tropical Atlantic.

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