scholarly journals Gypsum Forms in an Unexpected Way

Eos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Joel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Building

Scientists spot the "stem cell" building blocks that lay the foundation for gypsum's formation.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Nonmusculoskeletal Diseases: Emerging Applications

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom K. Kuo ◽  
Jennifer H. Ho ◽  
Oscar K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Cartilage Regeneration ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

Mesenchymal stem cells are stem/progenitor cells originated from the mesoderm and can different into multiple cell types of the musculoskeletal system. The vast differentiation potential and the relative ease for culture expansion have established mesenchymal stem cells as the building blocks in cell therapy and tissue engineering applications for a variety of musculoskeletal diseases, including repair of fractures and bone defects, cartilage regeneration, treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and correction of genetic diseases such as osteogenesis imperfect. However, research in the past decade has revealed differentiation potentials of mesenchymal stem cells beyond lineages of the mesoderm, suggesting broader applications than originally perceived. In this article, we review the recent developments in mesenchymal stem cell research with respect to their emerging properties and applications in nonmusculoskeletal diseases.

scholarly journals A REPORT ON STEM CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Shantha A R
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
The Cost

Stem cells are the building blocks of life. They have remarkable potential to regenerate and develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They are also a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to be differentiated into specialized cells types. Stem cells are characterized by certain features such as totipotency, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotent and unipotency. The history of stem cell research had an embryonic beginning in the mid 1800s with the discovery that few cells could generate other cells. In the 1900s the first stem cells were discovered when it was found that cells generate blood cells. Nowadays, stem cell therapy is under research and till now, a very few stem cell therapies have been regarded as safe and successful. It is also found that stem cell therapy cast a number of side effects too. The cost of the procedure too is expensive and is not easily affordable.

Stem cell spheroids incorporating fibers coated with adenosine and polydopamine as a modular building blocks for bone tissue engineering

Biomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 230 ◽  
pp. 119652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taufiq Ahmad ◽  
Hayeon Byun ◽  
Jinkyu Lee ◽  
Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakat Perikamana ◽  
Young Min Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Spheroids

scholarly journals Three-dimensional tissues using human pluripotent stem cell spheroids as biofabrication building blocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 025007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haishuang Lin ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Yuguo Lei
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Spheroids

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell–or Chondrocyte-Seeded Microcarriers as Building Blocks for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 2513-2523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Georgi ◽  
Clemens van Blitterswijk ◽  
Marcel Karperien
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cartilage Tissue Engineering ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Stromal Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cell

scholarly journals High-density human mesenchymal stem cell rings with spatiotemporally-controlled morphogen presentation as building blocks for engineering bone diaphyseal tissue

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Herberg ◽  
Daniel Varghai ◽  
Yuxuan Cheng ◽  
Anna D. Dikina ◽  
Phuong N. Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
High Density

scholarly journals Towards an understanding of the molecular regulation of carbon allocation in diatoms: the interaction of energy and carbon allocation

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1728) ◽  
pp. 20160410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Wagner ◽  
Torsten Jakob ◽  
Andrea Fanesi ◽  
Christian Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Cell Building ◽  
Ecological Importance

In microalgae, the photosynthesis-driven CO 2 assimilation delivers cell building blocks that are used in different biosynthetic pathways. Little is known about how the cell regulates the subsequent carbon allocation to, for example, cell growth or for storage. However, knowledge about these regulatory mechanisms is of high biotechnological and ecological importance. In diatoms, the situation becomes even more complex because, as a consequence of their secondary endosymbiotic origin, the compartmentation of the pathways for the primary metabolic routes is different from green algae. Therefore, the mechanisms to manipulate the carbon allocation pattern cannot be adopted from the green lineage. This review describes the general pathways of cellular energy distribution from light absorption towards the final allocation of carbon into macromolecules and summarizes the current knowledge of diatom-specific allocation patterns. We further describe the (limited) knowledge of regulatory mechanisms of carbon partitioning between lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in diatoms. We present solutions to overcome the problems that hinder the identification of regulatory elements of carbon metabolism. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms’.

scholarly journals Cerebellar Model Controller with new Model of Granule Cell-golgi Cell Building Blocks and Two-phase Learning Acquires Multitude of Generalization Capabilities in Controlling Robot Joint without Exponential Growth in Complexity

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4292
Author(s):  
Lavdim Kurtaj ◽  
Vjosa Shatri ◽  
Ilir Limani
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cell ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Neuronal Model ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Golgi Cell ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
New Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cell Building

Processing in the cerebellum is roughly described as feed forward processing of incoming information over three layers of the cerebellar cortex that send intermediate output to deep cerebellar nuclei, the only output from the cerebellum. Beside this main picture there are several feedback routes, mainly not included in models. In this paper we use new model for neuronal circuit of the cerebellar granule cell layer, as collection of idealized granule cell–golgi cell building blocks with capability of generating multi-dimensional receptive fields modulated by separate input coming to lower dendrite tree of Golgi cell. Resulting cerebellar model controller with two-phase learning will acquire multitude of generalization capabilities when used as robot joint controller. This will usually require more than one Purkinje cell per output. Functionality of granule cell-Golgi cell building block was evaluated with simulations using Simulink single compartment spiking neuronal model. Trained averaging cerebellar model controller attains very good tracking results for wide range of unlearned slower and faster trajectories, with additional improvements by relearning at faster trajectories. Inclusion of new dynamical effects to the controller results with linear growth in complexity for inputs targeting lower dendrite tree of Golgi cell, important for control applications in robotics, but not only.

scholarly journals Emerging Stem Cell Therapies: Treatment, Safety, and Biology

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Sng ◽  
Thomas Lufkin
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Stem cells are the fundamental building blocks of life and contribute to the genesis and development of all higher organisms. The discovery of adult stem cells has led to an ongoing revolution of therapeutic and regenerative medicine and the proposal of novel therapies for previously terminal conditions. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the first example of a successful stem cell therapy and is widely utilized for treating various diseases including adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells is increasingly employed to catalyze the repair of mesenchymal tissue and others, including the lung and heart, and utilized in treating various conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. There is also increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of other adult stem cells such as neural, mammary, intestinal, inner ear, and testicular stem cells. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has led to an improved understanding of the underlying epigenetic keys of pluripotency and carcinogenesis. More in-depth studies of these epigenetic differences and the physiological changes that they effect will lead to the design of safer and more targeted therapies.

Photochemical Evolution of Interstellar/Precometary Organic Material

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 23-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis J. Allamandola ◽  
Max P. Bernstein ◽  
Scott A. Sandford
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Infrared Observations ◽  
Interstellar Ice ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Ultraviolet Photolysis ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Simple Molecules ◽  
Complex Organic

AbstractInfrared observations, combined with realistic laboratory simulations, have revolutionized our understanding of interstellar ice and dust, the building blocks of comets. Since comets are thought to be a major source of the volatiles on the primative earth, their organic inventory is of central importance to questions concerning the origin of life. Ices in molecular clouds contain the very simple molecules H2O, CH3OH, CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and probably some NH3and H2CO, as well as more complex species including nitriles, ketones, and esters. The evidence for these, as well as carbonrich materials such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), microdiamonds, and amorphous carbon is briefly reviewed. This is followed by a detailed summary of interstellar/precometary ice photochemical evolution based on laboratory studies of realistic polar ice analogs. Ultraviolet photolysis of these ices produces H2, H2CO, CO2, CO, CH4, HCO, and the moderately complex organic molecules: CH3CH2OH (ethanol), HC(= O)NH2(formamide), CH3C(= O)NH2(acetamide), R-CN (nitriles), and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4), as well as more complex species including polyoxymethylene and related species (POMs), amides, and ketones. The ready formation of these organic species from simple starting mixtures, the ice chemistry that ensues when these ices are mildly warmed, plus the observation that the more complex refractory photoproducts show lipid-like behavior and readily self organize into droplets upon exposure to liquid water suggest that comets may have played an important role in the origin of life.

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