Some relationships between slope-length, surface-runoff, and the silt-load of surface-runoff

1935 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Musgrave
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Silt Load

Spatially uniform surface runoff as a result of erosion-induced high hydrolocial conncenctiviey over an extremelydegraded catchment 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingguo Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Chinese Loess ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Annual Time ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
The Chinese Loess Plateau

<p>Previous studies have suggested that runoff reduces with slope length, and the scaling trend diminishes with the degree of land degradation. This study further hypothesized that runoff is scale-independent and spatially uniform in extremely degraded landscapes. We tested the hypothesis on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Runoff data were collected from a densely rilled and gullied loess headwater with soil erosion intensity close to 20,000 t km-2 yr-1.  The data included observations from seven arable experimental plots of various lengths (20 to 164 m) and gradients (9 to 32°), as well as the headwater outlet. The results showed that the erosion-induced network of rills and gullies lowered runoff reinfiltration and resulted in exceptional high flow connectivity, thus obscuring the effects of other environmental conditions (mainly topography) and contributing to uniform runoff from the upper hillslope to the headwater outlet. The observations held at the event, annual, and mean annual time scales, implying that the investigated watershed is simply the sum of individual slopes. This study highlights the effect of erosion processes on the ensuing runoff yield. The effect should be fully addressed in studies of runoff yield in semi-arid areas, which are among the most erodible landscapes due to sparse land cover.</p>

scholarly journals Possibilities of including surface runoff barriers in the slope-length factor calculation in the GIS environment and its integration in the user-friendly LS-RUSLE tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 246-257
Author(s):  
Jiří Brychta ◽  
Martina Brychtová
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Pixel Resolution ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Slope Length Factor ◽  
Ephemeral Gullies ◽  
Erosion Modelling ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
User Friendly

The effect of the morphology is key aspect of erosion modelling. In Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) type methods, this effect is expressed by the topographic factor (LS). The LS calculation in GIS is performed by a unit contributing area (UCA) method and can mainly be influenced by the pixel resolution, by the flow direction algorithm and by the inclusion of a hydrologically closed unit (HCU) principle, the cutoff slope angle (CSA) principle and the ephemeral gullies extraction (EG) principle. This research presents a new LS-RUSLE tool created with the inclusion of these principles in the automatic user-friendly GIS tool. The HCU principle using a specific surface runoff interruption algorithm, based on pixels with NoData values at the interruption points (pixels), appears to be key. With this procedure, the occurrence of overestimation results by flow conversion was rapidly reduced. Additionally, the reduction of extreme L and LS values calculated in the GIS environment was reached by the application of the CSA and EG principles. The results of the LS-RUSLE model show the prospective use of this tool in practice.

Particle and aggregates size distribution of soil transported due to surface runoff and rill erosion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romana Kubínová ◽  
Petr Kavka ◽  
Martin Neumann ◽  
Tomáš Laburda
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Grain Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Soil Sediment

<p>In this contribution the grain size distributions of the soil sediment obtained from soil erosion experiments were analysed. All the tests were done on arable topsoil’s, separately the size distribution of the soil aggregates and individual soil particles were evaluated. Soil erosion was initiated under the controlled conditions in the laboratories. The rainfall was artificially generated with use of a nozzle type rainfall simulator. The sediment transported due to the surface runoff and rill erosion was collected from the discharge of the inclined soil erosion plots (slopes 20 – 34°, slope length 4 m).</p><p>The soil sediment was collected in four sampling times. The first and the second were collected in fifteen and thirty minutes from the beginning of the simulation, then followed fifteen minutes long pause without raining and then the simulation continued and soil samples were collected again in fifteen and thirty minutes from the beginning of the rain. After ten days long pause whole process were repeated at the same experimental plot contains rills from previous simulation. Experimental plots were vertically divided into two parts. On one part was an eel and on the second part were different types of rolled erosion control products (RECPs) – Enkamat 7010, Biomac-C, coir fibres K700 and K400, jute, Macmat 8.1 with soil, mulch, hay and nonwoven. The influence of RECPs to the grain size distribution was investigated.</p><p>Laser diffraction has been selected as a method to determine grain size distribution and device Mastersizer 3000 was used. By the comparison of the grain size distribution, of more than five hundreds samples, the different response to the soil erosion mechanism and the influence of external factors (experimental plot slope, sampling time from the surface runoff and presence of RECPs) on the grain size distribution and soil aggregates content in eroded sediment were investigated. It has been found that both the particle size and aggregates size distribution of the eroded sediment changes considerably in time.</p><p>This research is funded by the TH02030428 - „Design of technical measures for slopes stabilization and soil erosion prevention”.</p>

Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Kayu Dan Abu Bambu Terhadap Kepadatan Tanah Lempung

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Vella Maulina Kris Putri ◽  
Agata Iwan Candra ◽  
Ahmad Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Native Soil

The soil has an important role in construction, namely as the loading of soil on clay. It is necessary to improve the nature of the shrinkage. The authors conducted the study to increase the strength of clay by adding wood ashes and bamboo ashes. Wood ash and bamboo ash have pozzolan properties expected to add power to clay when weighted, would drop significantly.  Material compares in this study using a mix of wood ash and bamboo ash with a variation of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%. Meanwhile, the clay soil is taken directly from the ravaged area, from bulging villages, from the grid district. The results showed that the soil is categorized as montmorillonite soil with properties that can damage light structures and road surface runoff. After adding wood and bamboo ash, it showed optimum results of 12% of the dry fixed test items showing a liquid limit’s value at 41,00%, plastic limit at 28,43%, and the net value of plastic limit at 12,57%. When testing for solidification using native soil at a dry volume of 7,91, gr/cm rainfall can increase by 10,42 gr/cm additives after adding 12% of wood ash and bamboo ash.Tanah memiliki peran penting dalam konstruksi yaitu sebagai pembebanan tanah pada tanah liat. Perlu untuk memperbaiki sifat penyusutan. Penulis melakukan penelitian untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tanah liat dengan cara menambahkan abu kayu dan abu bambu. Abu kayu dan abu bambu memiliki sifat pozzolan yang diharapkan dapat menambah kekuatan pada tanah liat saat tertimbang, akan turun secara signifikan. Perbandingan material dalam penelitian ini menggunakan campuran abu kayu dan abu bambu dengan variasi 0%, 4%, 8%, dan 12%. Sementara itu, tanah lempung diambil langsung dari area yang rusak, dari desa-desa yang menggembung, dari grid distrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanah tersebut dikategorikan sebagai tanah montmorillonite dengan sifat yang dapat merusak struktur ringan dan aliran permukaan jalan. Setelah dilakukan penambahan abu kayu dan bambu didapatkan hasil optimum dari 12% benda uji tetap kering yang menunjukkan nilai batas cair 41,00%, batas plastis  28,43%,   dan   nilai   bersih   batas  plastis  12,57%.   Pada pengujian solidifikasi menggunakan tanah asli pada volume kering 7,91 gr / cm curah hujan dapat meningkat sebesar 10,42 gr / cm aditif setelah penambahan 12% abu kayu dan abu bambu.

Обезвреживание поверхностного стока – важный вклад в охрану водных объектов

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
G. Variushina
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Retention Basin ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Russian Federation

Приводятся сведения о разработанных специалистами АО МосводоканалНИИпроект научных исследованиях и проектных решениях в области очистки поверхностных сточных вод с территории Москвы, причинах загрязнения водоисточников неочищенными поверхностными стоками в 1970х годах. Представлены основные характеристики комплексов глубокой очистки поверхностных стоков, разработанных проектов очистных сооружений для промышленных предприятий с площадью водосбора 0,3 1 5 10 и 15 га. Показано, что эффективность очистки поверхностных сточных вод соответствует требованиям, предъявляемым к водоемам рыбохозяйственного значения. При этом для обезвоживания осадка, образующегося в накопительном резервуаре очистных сооружений, в технологической схеме предусмотрена песковая площадка, а для сбора плавающих нефтепродуктов нефтеразделитель. Новизна разработанной технологии обезвреживания поверхностного стока и обработки осадка была подтверждена пятью патентами РФ, одобрена Госстроем РФ, Центральным управлением по рыбохозяйственной экспертизе и нормативам по сохранению, воспроизводству водных биологических ресурсов и акклиматизации, Городской санитарной службой Москвы и области, службами Москомприроды и Мосгосэкспертизы. Показан вклад специалистов лаборатории обработки природных, промышленнодождевых сточных вод и осадка в решение проблем очистки поверхностного стока. Приведена информация об истории развития и перспективных направлениях научной деятельности лаборатории, ее планах в организационнометодической и воспитательной работе с молодыми специалистами.Information on the research and design solutions developed by the experts of MosvodokanalNIIproject JSC in the field of surface runoff treatment from the territory of Moscow, the causes of water sources pollution with raw surface runoff in the 1970s. The basic characteristics of the complexes for the enhanced treatment of surface runoff, the developed projects of wastewater treatment facilities for industrial enterprises with a catchment area of 0.3 1 5 10 and 15 ha. It is shown that the effectiveness of surface runoff treatment meets the requirements to water bodies of commercial fishing importance. At the same time, for dewatering of sludge generated in the retention basin of wastewater treatment facilities, a grit dewatering bay is included into the process flow scheme, and an oil separator is used to collect floating oil products. The novelty of the developed technology for neutralization of surface runoff and sludge treatment has been acknowledged by five patents of the Russian Federation, approved by Gosstroy of the Russian Federation, the Central Department of Fisheries Examination and Review and Protection and Renewal and Acclimatization Standards, the Moscow City and Moscow Region Sanitary Service, Moskompriroda and Mosgosekspertiza services. The contribution of the research workers of the laboratory for the treatment of natural, industrialstorm wastewater and sludge processing to the solution of problems of surface runoff treatment is demonstrated. The information about the history of development and promising areas of research activity of the laboratory, its plans in the organizational, methodological and educational work with young professionals is given.

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ОРОШАЕМЫХ СОЛОНЦОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСНЫХ ПОЧВ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Yashin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Salt Flats

Представлены материалы исследований формирования режима влажности и динамики грунтовых вод орошаемых солонцовых комплексных почв при различных способах полива, проведенные в Волгоградском Заволжье. Установлена значительная неравномерность распределения влажности почвы при поливах дождеванием. Отмечается поверхностный сток по микрорельефу до 30% от поливной нормы, что приводит к недостаточности увлажнения корневой зоны на солонцах и переувлажнению почв в понижениях микрорельефа и потере оросительной воды на инфильтрационное питание грунтовых вод.The article presents the materials of research on the formation of the humidity regime and dynamics of ground water of irrigated saline complex soils under various irrigation methods, conducted in the Volgograd Zavolzhye. A significant unevenness in the distribution of soil moisture during irrigation with sprinkling has been established. There is a surface runoff on the microrelief of up to 30% of the irrigation norm, which leads to insufficient moisture of the root zone on the salt flats and waterlogging of the soil in the microrelief depressions and loss of irrigation water for infiltration feed of ground water.

Landfarming of Oily Wastes: Design and Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Groundwater Protection ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
Waste Degradation ◽  
Ground Characterization ◽  
Area Of Application

The technology of treatment through landfarming for oily wastes has been more and more often utilized in Brazil, always successfully. The definition, the processes which occur, as well as the factors which affect its performance are herein presented. Design parameters, such as location, ground characterization, dimensioning of the area of application, groundwater protection, drainage, treatment of surface runoff water and percolated liquid, among others, are presented. Operational procedures and quality monitoring of effluents and environment are also described. PETROBRÁS is already operating two landfarming systems and has several others in the design stage. We present data from these projects and report that oily waste degradation has been achieved in around six months. Finally, we expect to be contributing to the affirmation and development of this technology in our Country.

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