Animal testing | ScienceGate

In this study, a hydrogel using single and double crosslinking was prepared using GelMA, a natural polymer, and the effect was evaluated when the double crosslinked hydrogel and tannic acid were treated. The resulting hydrogel was subjected to physicochemical property evaluation, biocompatibility evaluation, and animal testing. The free radicals generated through APS/TEMED have a scaffold form with a porous structure in the hydrogel, and have a more stable structure through photo crosslinking. The double crosslinked hydrogel had improved mechanical strength and better results in cell compatibility tests than the single crosslinked group. Moreover, in the hydrogel transplanted into the femur of a rat, the double crosslinked group showed an osteoinductive response due to the attachment of bone minerals after 4 and 8 weeks, but the single crosslinked group did not show an osteoinductive response due to rapid degradation. Treatment with a high concentration of tannic acid showed significantly improved mechanical strength through H-bonding. However, cell adhesion and proliferation were limited compared to the untreated group due to the limitation of water absorption capacity, and no osteoinduction reaction was observed. As a result, it was confirmed that the treatment of high-concentration tannic acid significantly improved mechanical strength, but it was not a suitable method for improving bone induction due to the limitation of water absorption.

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The Use of Biomarkers as Alternatives to Current Animal Tests on Food Chemicals

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299802600411 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 421-480

Author(s):

Krys Bottrill

Keyword(s):

Animal Studies ◽

Developmental Toxicity ◽

Reproductive Toxicity ◽

In Vitro Test ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Dietary Biomarkers ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Mechanistic Basis ◽

The Three Rs

Recent developments in biomarkers relating to the interrelationship of diet, disease and health were surveyed. Most emphasis was placed on biomarkers of deleterious effects, since these are of greatest relevance to the subject of this review. The area of greatest activity was found to be that relating to biomarkers of mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This is also one of the major areas of concern in considerations of the beneficial and deleterious effects of dietary components, and also the area in which regulatory testing requires studies of the longest duration. A degree of progress has also been made in the identification and development of biomarkers relating to certain classes of target organ toxicity. Biomarkers for other types of toxicity, such as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, are less developed, and further investigation in these areas is required before a comprehensive biomarker strategy can be established. A criticism that recurs constantly in the biomarker literature is the lack of standardisation in the methods used, and the lack of reference standards for the purposes of validation and quality control. It is encouraging to note the growing acknowledgement of the need for validation of biomarkers and biomarker assays. Some validation studies have already been initiated. This review puts forward proposals for criteria to be used in biomarker validation. More discussion on this subject is required. It is concluded that the use of biomarkers can, in some cases, facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs with respect to the testing of food chemicals and studies on the effects of diet on health. The greatest potential is seen to be in the refinement of animal testing, in which biomarkers could serve as early and sensitive endpoints, in order to reduce the duration of the studies and also reduce the number of animals required. Biomarkers could also contribute to establishing a mechanistic basis for in vitro test systems and to facilitating their validation and acceptance. Finally, the increased information that could result from the incorporation of biomarker determinations into population studies could reduce the need for supplementary animal studies. This review makes a number of recommendations concerning the prioritisation of future activities on dietary biomarkers in relation to the Three Rs. It is emphasised, however, that further discussions will be required among toxicologists, epidemiologists and others researching the relationship between diet and health.

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Alternatives to Animal Testing in the Quality Control of Immunobiologicals: Current Status and Future Prospects

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299402200606 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 420-434

Author(s):

Coenraad F.M. Hendriksen ◽

Bernward Garthoff ◽

Henrik Aggerbeck ◽

Lucas Bruckner ◽

Peter Castle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Alternatives To Animal Testing

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Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Assays for the Detection of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus as a Contaminant of Live Poultry Vaccines

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299802600508 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 629-634

Author(s):

Emiliana Falcone ◽

Edoardo Vignolo ◽

Livia Di Trani ◽

Simona Puzelli ◽

Maria Tollis

Keyword(s):

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Serological Response ◽

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Infectious Bronchitis

A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay specific for identifying avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in poultry vaccines, and the serological response to IBV induced by the inoculation of chicks with a Newcastle disease vaccine spiked with the Massachusetts strain of IBV, were compared for their ability to detect IBV as a contaminant of avian vaccines. The sensitivity of the IBV-RT-PCR assay provided results which were at least equivalent to the biological effect produced by the inoculation of chicks, allowing this assay to be considered a valid alternative to animal testing in the quality control of avian immunologicals. This procedure can easily be adapted to detect a number of contaminants for which the in vivo test still represents the only available method of detection.

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Book Review: Animal Testing and Consumer Products

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299001800137.1 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽

pp. 355-356

Author(s):

Michael Balls

Keyword(s):

Consumer Products ◽

Animal Testing

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A biomimetic engineered bone platform for advanced testing of prosthetic implants

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78416-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Martina Sladkova-Faure ◽

Michael Pujari-Palmer ◽

Caroline Öhman-Mägi ◽

Alejandro López ◽

Hanbin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Deposition ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Scientific Validity ◽

Matrix Deposition ◽

Prosthetic Implants ◽

Gene Expression Matrix ◽

Biomimetic Scaffolds ◽

Resolution Imaging ◽

Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractExisting methods for testing prosthetic implants suffer from critical limitations, creating an urgent need for new strategies that facilitate research and development of implants with enhanced osseointegration potential. Herein, we describe a novel, biomimetic, human bone platform for advanced testing of implants in vitro, and demonstrate the scientific validity and predictive value of this approach using an assortment of complementary evaluation methods. We anchored titanium (Ti) and stainless steel (SS) implants into biomimetic scaffolds, seeded with human induced mesenchymal stem cells, to recapitulate the osseointegration process in vitro. We show distinct patterns of gene expression, matrix deposition, and mineralization in response to the two materials, with Ti implants ultimately resulting in stronger integration strength, as seen in other preclinical and clinical studies. Interestingly, RNAseq analysis reveals that the TGF-beta and the FGF2 pathways are overexpressed in response to Ti implants, while the Wnt, BMP, and IGF pathways are overexpressed in response to SS implants. High-resolution imaging shows significantly increased tissue mineralization and calcium deposition at the tissue-implant interface in response to Ti implants, contributing to a twofold increase in pullout strength compared to SS implants. Our technology creates unprecedented research opportunities towards the design of implants and biomaterials that can be personalized, and exhibit enhanced osseointegration potential, with reduced need for animal testing.

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Predicting Pharmacokinetic Properties of Potential Anticancer Agents via Their Chromatographic Behavior on Different Reversed Phase Materials

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22084257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 4257

Author(s):

Małgorzata Janicka ◽

Anna Mycka ◽

Małgorzata Sztanke ◽

Krzysztof Sztanke

Keyword(s):

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Skin Permeation ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Chromatographic Behavior ◽

Chromatographic Retention ◽

Quantitative Structure ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Pharmacokinetic Properties

The Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) methodology was used to predict biological properties, i.e., the blood–brain distribution (log BB), fraction unbounded in the brain (fu,brain), water-skin permeation (log Kp), binding to human plasma proteins (log Ka,HSA), and intestinal permeability (Caco-2), for three classes of fused azaisocytosine-containing congeners that were considered and tested as promising drug candidates. The compounds were characterized by lipophilic, structural, and electronic descriptors, i.e., chromatographic retention, topological polar surface area, polarizability, and molecular weight. Different reversed-phase liquid chromatography techniques were used to determine the chromatographic lipophilicity of the compounds that were tested, i.e., micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) with the ODS-2 column and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 35) as the effluent component, an immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography with phosphatidylcholine column (IAM.PC.DD2) and chromatography with end-capped octadecylsilyl (ODS) column using aqueous solutions of acetonitrile as the mobile phases. Using multiple linear regression, we derived the statistically significant quantitative structure-activity relationships. All these QSAR equations were validated and were found to be very good. The investigations highlight the significance and possibilities of liquid chromatographic techniques with three different reversed-phase materials and QSARs methods in predicting the pharmacokinetic properties of our important organic compounds and reducing unethical animal testing.

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Effect of α-Lipoic Acid on the Development of Human Skin Equivalents Using a Pumpless Skin-on-a-Chip Model

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042160 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2160

Author(s):

Kyunghee Kim ◽

Jisue Kim ◽

Hyoungseob Kim ◽

Gun Yong Sung

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Human Skin ◽

Lipoic Acid ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Microfluidic Channel ◽

Skin Barrier Function ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Epidermal Structure ◽

Skin Equivalents

Owing to the prohibition of cosmetic animal testing, various attempts have recently been made using skin-on-a-chip (SOC) technology as a replacement for animal testing. Previously, we reported the development of a pumpless SOC capable of drug testing with a simple drive using the principle that the medium flows along the channel by gravity when the chip is tilted using a microfluidic channel. In this study, using pumpless SOC, instead of drug testing at the single-cell level, we evaluated the efficacy of α-lipoic acid (ALA), which is known as an anti-aging substance in skin equivalents, for skin tissue and epidermal structure formation. The expression of proteins and changes in genotyping were compared and evaluated. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological analysis showed a difference in the activity of fibroblasts in the dermis layer with respect to the presence or absence of ALA. We observed that the epidermis layer became increasingly prominent as the culture period was extended by treatment with 10 μM ALA. The expression of epidermal structural proteins of filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 10, and collagen IV increased because of the effect of ALA. Changes in the epidermis layer were noticeable after the ALA treatment. As a result of aging, damage to the skin-barrier function and structural integrity is reduced, indicating that ALA has an anti-aging effect. We performed a gene analysis of filaggrin, involucrin, keratin 10, integrin, and collagen I genes in ALA-treated human skin equivalents, which indicated an increase in filaggrin gene expression after ALA treatment. These results indicate that pumpless SOC can be used as an in vitro skin model similar to human skin, protein and gene expression can be analyzed, and it can be used for functional drug tests of cosmetic materials in the future. This technology is expected to contribute to the development of skin disease models.

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