The future of animal studies in psychology.

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1679-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn V. Thomas ◽  
Derek Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing

Sci ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Eleonore Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
The Future

Animal testing is mandatory in drug testing and is the gold standard for toxicity and efficacy evaluations. This situation is expected to change in the future as the 3Rs principle, which stands for the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animal testing have increased. The need to develop and use alternatives depends on the complexity of the research topic and also on the extent to which the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. The lung morphology and physiology of commonly used animal species differs from that of human lungs, and the realistic inhalation exposure of animals is challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo effects, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at, and permeation through, the respiratory barrier, and pharmacokinetics. This review discusses the limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes in vitro and in silico techniques that could, when used together, reduce or even replace animal testing in inhalation testing in the future.

scholarly journals The Horse behind the Text: Animal Agency in Early Medieval Historiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-85
Author(s):  
Marieke Röben
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Narrative Structures ◽  
Narrative Device ◽  
The Future ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Medieval Historiography ◽  
Animal Agency

Early medieval authors frequently used horses as narrative devices. Therefore, when working with historiographical sources, one is confronted with a vital question: how can we reconstruct the horses’ agency without knowing whether their depiction is a mere narrative device? Combining praxeological approaches with the analysis of narrative structures, this paper offers a glance “beyond the text.” It shows how analysing the underlying knowledge of the medieval reader contributes to reconstructing a contemporary image of early medieval horses and their (perceived) agency in human society and thereby develops a new perspective for the future of historical human-animal studies.

Dzīvnieks un cilvēks Regīnas Ezeras īsprozas krājumā „Pūķa ola”

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
Ruta Kurpniece
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Fiction ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
First Principle ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Image System ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Insight Into

This article mainly covers the last of Regīna Ezera’s short fiction collection “Dragon’s Egg” (Pūķa ola). From it, four stories have been selected for analysis – “Journeying of Souls” (Dvēseļu ceļošana), “Satanic Story” (Sātanisks stāsts), “Ode for the Moon and Falling Leaves” (Oda mēnesim un krītošām lapām) un “Dragon’s Egg” (Pūķa ola) – which show bright images of animal characters. As it is known, animals have played an important role in both the life and work of the writer. The aim of the article is to study the short stories of Regīna Ezera in the context of postcolonialism, narratology, and animal studies, actualising and conceptualising the zoological images and their mutual relations in the formation of the image system of the literary works. The result provides insight into the formation of the system of zoological characters and their interaction with people and different principles of animal characters’ use. The article highlights the two most important principles. The first principle – a human and his companion animal are both a symbol and a sign for the future (for example, upcoming tragic events, such as death, or the process of life continuity). The second principle is the image of the animal as a means of literary technique (most often a metaphor for comparison) that participates in the creation of human characters.

085 Effort Exertion and Good Sleep Interactively Increase the Subjective Value of the Future

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A36-A36
Author(s):  
James Butterworth ◽  
Nicholas Kelley ◽  
Elaine Boland ◽  
Constantine Sedikides
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Future ◽  
Reward Responsivity ◽  
Writing Task ◽  
Good Sleep

Abstract Introduction The present study examined how habitual variation in sleep quality shapes reward responsivity following effort exertion. Behavioural and neuroscientific theory and research suggest that expending effort leads to compensatory increases in reward responsivity. Converging evidence links the preference for larger-but-delayed rewards to increases in reward sensitivity in psychophysiological, psychopharmacological, and animal studies. Accordingly, we hypothesized that exerting mental effort would increase the preference for larger-but-delayed rewards (i.e., the subjective value of the future) insofar as these preferences reflect elevated reward responsivity. Furthermore, given that sleep shapes perceptions of effort and preferences for larger-but-delayed rewards, we hypothesized that this finding would be moderated by habitual variation in sleep quality, with the strongest effects apparent among participants reporting habitually good sleep. Methods To test these hypotheses, we recruited 79 participants to complete a 10-minute effortful (vs. control) writing task followed by a delay discounting task and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results As hypothesized, the effortful writing task (vs. control) participants demonstrated a greater preference for larger-but-delayed rewards (vs. smaller-but-immediate rewards). This effect was moderated by sleep quality with those high but not low in sleep quality showing the hypothesized effect. Conclusion Ultimately, we found that exerting mental effort increases the subjective value of the future, particularly among participants who habitually report good sleep. These results suggest that good sleep quality helps us contend with the effortful demands of daily life in a way that promotes long-term goal pursuit. Support (if any):

scholarly journals Replacement Strategies for Animal Studies in Inhalation Testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
The Future ◽  
In Silico Models

Testing in animals is mandatory in drug testing and the gold standard for evaluation of toxicity. This situation is expected to change in the future because the 3Rs principle, which stands for replacement, reduction and refinement of the use of animals in science, is reinforced by many countries. On the other hand, technologies for alternatives to animals experiments have increased. The necessity to develop and use of alternatives is influenced by the complexity of the research topic and also by the fact, to which extent the currently used animal models can mimic human physiology and/or exposure. Rodent lung morphology and physiology differs markedly for that of humans and inhalation exposure of the animals are challenging. In vitro and in silico methods can assess important aspects of the in vivo action, namely particle deposition, dissolution, action at and permeation across the respiratory barrier and pharmacokinetics. Out of the numerous homemade in vitro and in silico models some are available commercially or open access. This review discusses limitations of animal models and exposure systems and proposes a panel of in vitro and in silico techniques that, in the future, may replace animal experimentation in inhalation testing.

scholarly journals A Review on Bioactivities of Perilla: Progress in Research on the Functions of Perilla as Medicine and Food

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho Igarashi ◽  
Yoshifumi Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Cytostatic Activity ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Made In

Perilla is a useful pharmaceutical and food product and is empirically consumed by humans. However, its properties have not been evaluated extensively. In this review, we summarize the progress made in research, focusing on the bioactivities of perilla. There are manyin vitroand animal studies on the cytostatic activity and antiallergic effects, respectively, of perilla and its constituents. However, its influence on humans remains unclear. Hence, investigating and clarifying the physiological effects of perilla and its constituents on humans are imperative in the future to adhere to the ideals of evidence-based medicine.

scholarly journals Molecular Biomarkers of Electroconvulsive Therapy Effects and Clinical Response: Understanding the Present to Shape the Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Maffioletti ◽  
Rosana Carvalho Silva ◽  
Marco Bortolomasi ◽  
Bernhard T. Baune ◽  
Massimo Gennarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Future ◽  
Experimental Analogue ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) represents an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). One priority of this research field is the clarification of ECT response mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers predicting its outcomes. We propose an overview of the molecular studies on ECT, concerning its course and outcome prediction, including also animal studies on electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an experimental analogue of ECT. Most of these investigations underlie biological systems related to major depressive disorder (MDD), such as the neurotrophic and inflammatory/immune ones, indicating effects of ECT on these processes. Studies about neurotrophins, like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have shown evidence concerning ECT neurotrophic effects. The inflammatory/immune system has also been studied, suggesting an acute stress reaction following an ECT session. However, at the end of the treatment, ECT produces a reduction in inflammatory-associated biomarkers such as cortisol, TNF-alpha and interleukin 6. Other biological systems, including the monoaminergic and the endocrine, have been sparsely investigated. Despite some promising results, limitations exist. Most of the studies are concentrated on one or few markers and many studies are relatively old, with small sample sizes and methodological biases. Expression studies on gene transcripts and microRNAs are rare and genetic studies are sparse. To date, no conclusive evidence regarding ECT molecular markers has been reached; however, the future may be just around the corner.

TRADITIONAL ANIMAL SCREENING TESTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (1_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S17-S33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. B. Noel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Therapeutic Doses ◽  
New Compounds

ABSTRACT It is fundamental that before new chemicals may enter the environment of man, they should seem to be (i) desirable and (ii) reasonably safe. Although new chemicals should be treated as separate entities, there is little evidence in general terms to suggest that there is an alternative to screening tests in intact animals, despite the deficiencies of techniques about which much is written. The object of toxicological studies is two-fold, to demonstrate (i) possible reactions irrespective of dosage of new compounds and (ii) the probability in biological terms of these reactions occurring near therapeutic doses (an attempt to prove a negative, the absence of toxicity). Criticism of techniques is easy, especially when considering individual compounds. This introductory paper has attempted to draw attention to the logic which forms the basis of animal screening tests, whilst at the same time commenting on (i) deficiencies due to lack of information and (ii) changes that are likely in the future which will improve extrapolation of results to man. Evidence that traditional tests will be superseded in the foreseeable future appears to the author to be minimal when the whole field of testing new chemicals is considered. The general principles relating to animal studies are "guidelines" which should allow an element of flexibility to treat individual chemicals on their own merits.

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