The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology.

IntroductionPsychotropic drugs are among the most utilized medications in Europe.ObjectivesTo perform an international comparison of the utilization trends of antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives (AHS).MethodsWe used data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We used the World Health Organization's Defined Daily Dosage (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD) methodology. We performed a general comparison between 14 European countries and a more detailed comparative analysis between Portugal, Italy, Spain and Germany. These countries were selected according to the following criteria: similar 12-month prevalence of mental health disorders, similar results for negative mental health (SF-36 questionnaire) and similar standardized death rates for suicide.ResultsPortugal had the highest overall utilization of antidepressants and AHS in 2011, amounting to 110.7 DHD, and the highest increase in utilization of AHS (1.8%) from 2003 and 2011. Concerning antidepressants, Portugal had the third highest utilization of these drugs in 2011 (78.3 DHD). Regarding the more detailed comparative analysis, utilization of AHS was still significantly higher in Portugal. Considering antidepressants, Portugal experienced an increasing utilization, which grew by approximately 11.4% from 2003 and 2008. From 2009 onward the utilization increased but at a slower pace.ConclusionThe very high utilization of these drugs, especially of AHS, is a worrying fact since this might indicate an inadequate treatment choice for anxiety and depressive disorders. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship of these findings with regulations concerning utilization of psychotropic drugs and compliance with best medical practices between distinct European countries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 1. Aetiology of depression

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700052880 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 581-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 168

Author(s):

George W. Brown ◽

Ray Prudo

Keyword(s):

Depressive Disorders ◽

Rural Setting ◽

Way Of Life ◽

Vulnerability Factors ◽

Outer Hebrides ◽

Class Status ◽

Working Class Women ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

New Occurrences

SYNOPSISAn earlier survey of a random sample of women in Camberwell in South London has shown that the majority of new occurrences of depressive disorders were brought about by certain kinds of life event and ongoing difficulty (provoking agent) and that the risk was increased under these circumstances by the presence of certain other social factors (vulnerability factors). Working-class women were much more likely to develop depression because they experienced more of these factors. A new survey in a rural population in the Outer Hebrides has confirmed the importance of these factors in the genesis of depression, although provoking agents occurred much less frequently in this rural setting. However, integration into the traditional way of life, rather than a middle-class status, was related to a lower chance of developing depression, and this appears to be explained by the relationship of provoking agents and vulnerability factors to such integration in the Outer Hebrides, and to social class status in Camberwell.

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Incidence of depressive and anxiety disorders in COVID-19 patients

Neurology Bulletin ◽

10.17816/nb46056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol LII (3) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

Valentin N. Pavlov ◽

Denis A. Karpov ◽

Shamil M. Safin ◽

Vladimir L. Yuldashev

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Organic Substrates ◽

Gender Differentiation ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Organic Lesions

The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with COVID-19 and to study the relationship of these disorders with organic damage to the central nervous system. Material and methods. An analysis of occurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with COVID-19 was carried out at the infectious hospital of the KBGMU for the period June-August 2020. Depression and anxiety were identified using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and compared with the MRI data of the brain. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel 7.0. Results. According to the analysis, out of 76 patients with COVID-19, depressive disorders were observed in 36 (46.3%) patients, anxiety disorders subclinical anxiety in 16 (21.05%), clinical anxiety in 19 (25%). The absence of depressive disorders was observed in 40 (52.63%), the absence of anxiety in 41 (53.94%). By gender differentiation of patients, depressive disorders in men 20 (46.5%), women 16 (48.48%). Anxiety disorders: subclinical anxiety in men 11 (25.5%), women 5 (15.15 %), clinical anxiety in men 7 (16.2%), women 12 (36.36%). The average age of patients at the time of the study was 45.7 years. When conducting MRI of brain, organic lesions were detected in 12 (16%) people, in 64 (84%) at the time of the study, organic lesions were not detected. When collecting a follow-up in 31 patients, depressive disorders were noted in 8 (25.8%), subclinical anxiety 2 (6.45%), clinical anxiety 2 (6.45%), no anxiety 27 (87.09%), no depression 23 (74.19%). No organic lesions were found at the time of MRI of brain. Conclusion. When studying the occurrence of depressive and anxious states and their organic substrates, we found that there is no clear relationship between them and rather have a functional character.

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Therapeutic alliance in psychological treatment for depression and alcohol use comorbidity: The client's perspective

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic ◽

10.1521/bumc.2021.85.2.177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 177-203

Author(s):

Elizabeth Knock ◽

Martin P. Johnson ◽

Amanda Baker ◽

Louise Thornton ◽

Frances Kay-Lambkin

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Therapeutic Relationship ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Unmet Needs ◽

Psychological Treatment ◽

Phenomenological Analysis ◽

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis ◽

Semistructured Interviews ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

This qualitative study explored the treatment experience and the therapeutic relationship of participants receiving an integrated psychological treatment for comorbid alcohol use problems and depressive disorders. Semistructured interviews targeting experience of therapy and the relationship with the therapist were carried out with seven participants. Transcripts were analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to reveal major themes. Four major themes were identified. “Nature of the relationship” describes the importance of the client's perception of the therapeutic relationship experienced, “Confidence in therapy” and “Acknowledgment of experience” address components assisting the development of a positive alliance, and “Meeting unmet needs for connection” illustrates the importance of a positive therapeutic relationship for this population. Participants thought that clinicians would benefit from a good understanding of the role the alliance relationship plays within comorbidity treatment, of the need this relationship meets for this population, and the importance of engendering confidence in therapy and recognizing client perspectives.

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The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300025707 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 146-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

William A. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Critical Points ◽

Scleractinian Corals ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Early Triassic ◽

Rugose Corals ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074768 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 194-195

Author(s):

D. F. Blake ◽

L. F. Allard ◽

D. R. Peacor

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Structural Features ◽

Sea Stars ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067777 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Leon Dmochowski

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Mode Of Development ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

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The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100085484 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 236-237

Author(s):

J.R. Pfeiffer ◽

J.C. Seagrave ◽

C. Wofsy ◽

J.M. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Mast Cells ◽

Protein A ◽

Scattered Electron ◽

Ige Receptor ◽

Receptor Complexes ◽

Ige Binding ◽

Electron Imaging ◽

Small Clusters ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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