Priming word recognition with orthographic neighbors: Effects of relative prime-target frequency.

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Segui ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Frequency ◽  
Priming Word ◽  
Relative Prime ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors ◽  
Prime Target

The Sound of Enemies and Friends in the Neighborhood

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Pecher ◽  
Inge Boot ◽  
Saskia van Dantzig ◽  
Carol J. Madden ◽  
David E. Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Orthographic Neighborhood ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors ◽  
Target Words

Previous studies (e.g., Pecher, Zeelenberg, & Wagenmakers, 2005) found that semantic classification performance is better for target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the same semantic class (e.g., living) compared to target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the opposite semantic class (e.g., nonliving). In the present study we investigated the contribution of phonology to orthographic neighborhood effects by comparing effects of phonologically congruent orthographic neighbors (book-hook) to phonologically incongruent orthographic neighbors (sand-wand). The prior presentation of a semantically congruent word produced larger effects on subsequent animacy decisions when the previously presented word was a phonologically congruent neighbor than when it was a phonologically incongruent neighbor. In a second experiment, performance differences between target words with versus without semantically congruent orthographic neighbors were larger if the orthographic neighbors were also phonologically congruent. These results support models of visual word recognition that assume an important role for phonology in cascaded access to meaning.

scholarly journals Processing of Phonological and Orthographic Information in Word Recognition in Discourse Reading

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824401986150
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Wang ◽  
Degao Li
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Control Word ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Target Pair ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Prime Word ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Prime Target ◽  
First Words

To examine the processing of phonological and configurational information in word recognition in discourse reading, we conducted two experiments using the self-paced reading paradigm. The materials were three-sentence discourses, in each of which the last word of the second sentence and the third word from the end of the last sentence formed a prime–target pair. The discourse in which the target word (T) was semantically congruent or incongruent with the prime word was converted into a new version by replacing the T with its homophone or with the control word (con-T) in Experiment 1. Similarly, the Ts were replaced by words that were similar to them in configuration or by the con-Ts in Experiment 2. We adopted mixed-effects modeling to analyze the participants’ reading times to the targets, the first words after the targets, and the second words after the targets. It is concluded that the processing of phonological information begins earlier than that of configurational information in activating the semantic representations for the upcoming words that fit the context in discourse reading.

Orthographic activation in spoken word recognition of L2 phonological variants

2020 ◽  
pp. 026765832096825
Author(s):  
Jeong-Im Han ◽  
Song Yi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
First Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Spoken Words ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Prime Target

The present study investigated the influence of orthographic input on the recognition of second language (L2) spoken words with phonological variants, when first language (L1) and L2 have different orthographic structures. Lexical encoding for intermediate-to-advanced level Mandarin learners of Korean was assessed using masked cross-modal and within-modal priming tasks. Given that Korean has obstruent nasalization in the syllable coda, prime target pairs were created with and without such phonological variants, but spellings that were provided in the cross-modal task reflected their unaltered, nonnasalized forms. The results indicate that when L2 learners are exposed to transparent alphabetic orthography, they do not show a particular cost for spoken word recognition of L2 phonological variants as long as the variation is regular and rule-governed.

scholarly journals ERPs Reflect Lexical Identification in Word Fragment Priming

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia K. Friedrich ◽  
Sonja A. Kotz ◽  
Angela D. Friederici ◽  
Thomas C. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Fragment ◽  
Target Pair ◽  
Auditory Word ◽  
Target Experiment ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Prime Target

Behavioral evidence suggests that spoken word recognition involves the temporary activation of multiple entries in a listener's mental lexicon. This phenomenon can be demonstrated in cross-modal word fragment priming (CMWP). In CMWP, an auditory word fragment (prime) is immediately followed by a visual word or pseudoword (target). Experiment 1 investigated ERPs for targets presented in this paradigm. Half of the targets were congruent with the prime (e.g., in the prime-target pair: AM-AMBOSS [anvil]), half were not (e.g., AM-PENSUM [pensum]). Lexical entries of the congruent targets should receive activation from the prime. Thus, lexical identification of these targets should be facilitated. An ERP effect named P350, two frontal negative ERP deflections, and the N400 were sensitive to prime-target congruency. In Experiment 2, the relation of the formerly observed ERP effects to processes in a modality-independent mental lexicon was investigated by presenting primes visually. Only the P350 effect could be replicated across different fragment lengths. Therefore, the P350 is discussed as a correlate of lexical identification in a modality-independent mental lexicon.

scholarly journals Do ‘blacheap’ and ‘subcheap’ both prime ‘cheap’? An investigation of morphemic status and position in early visual word processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1645-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Heathcote ◽  
Kate Nation ◽  
Anne Castles ◽  
Elisabeth Beyersmann
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Morphological Relationship ◽  
Prime Target ◽  
Real Complex

Much research suggests that words comprising more than one morpheme are decomposed into morphemes in the early stages of visual word recognition. In the present masked primed lexical decision study, we investigated whether or not decomposition occurs for both prefixed and suffixed nonwords and for nonwords which comprise a stem and a non-morphemic ending. Prime–target relatedness was manipulated in three ways: (1) primes shared a semantically transparent morphological relationship with the target (e.g., subcheap-CHEAP, cheapize-CHEAP); (2) primes comprised targets and non-affixal letter strings (e.g., blacheap-CHEAP, cheapstry-CHEAP); and (3) primes were real, complex words unrelated to the target (e.g., miscall-CHEAP, idealism-CHEAP). Both affixed and non-affixed nonwords significantly facilitated the recognition of their stem targets, suggesting that embedded stems are activated independently of whether they are accompanied by a real affix or a non-affix. There was no difference in priming between stems being embedded in initial and final string positions, indicating that embedded stem activation is position-independent. Finally, more priming was observed in the semantically interpretable affixed condition than in the non-affixed condition, which points to a semantic licensing mechanism during complex novel word processing.

Priming the Visual Recognition of Spoken Words

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa R. Lansing ◽  
Christine L. Helgeson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Modified Rhyme Test ◽  
Prime Target

A preliminary investigation was conducted to understand the effects of word visibility and prime association factors on visual spoken word recognition in lipreading, using a related/ unrelated prime-target paradigm. Prime-target pairings were determined on the basis of paper-and-pencil word associations completed by 85 participants with normal hearing. Spoken targets included 60 single-syllable Modified Rhyme Test words, prerecorded on laser video disc. Participants included 20 individuals with normal hearing and at least average lipreading skill for sentence-length materials. In related prime-target pairings, more targets with a high prime association were identified than with a low prime association. In unrelated prime-target pairings, a larger number of more-visible than less-visible targets was correctly identified. Individual participant differences were not statistically significant. Results from the present study suggest implications for models of visual spoken word recognition.

scholarly journals A Magnetic Stimulation Examination of Orthographic Neighborhood Effects in Visual Word Recognition

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Lavidor ◽  
Vincent Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
The Right ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors

The split-fovea theory proposes that visual word recognition is mediated by the splitting of the foveal image, with letters to the left of fixation projected to the right hemisphere (RH) and letters to the right of fixation projected to the left hemisphere (LH). We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right occipital cortex during a lexical decision task to investigate the extent to which word recognition processes could be accounted for according to the split-fovea theory. Unilateral rTMS significantly impaired lexical decision latencies to centrally presented words, supporting the suggestion that foveal representation of words is split between the cerebral hemispheres rather than bilateral. Behaviorally, we showed that words that have many orthographic neighbors sharing the same initial letters (“lead neighbors”) facilitated lexical decision more than words with few lead neighbors. This effect did not apply to end neighbors (orthographic neighbors sharing the same final letters). Crucially, rTMS over the RH impaired lead-, but not end-neighborhood facilitation. The results support the split-fovea theory, where the RH has primacy in representing lead neighbors of a written word.

Late bilinguals see a scan in scannerAND in scandal: dissecting formal overlap from morphological priming in the processing of derived words

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERA HEYER ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Morphological Priming ◽  
Prime Target ◽  
Late Bilinguals

Masked priming research with late (non-native) bilinguals has reported facilitation effects following morphologically derived prime words (scanner – scan). However, unlike for native speakers, there are suggestions that purely orthographic prime-target overlap (scandal – scan) also produces priming in non-native visual word recognition. Our study directly compares orthographically related and derived prime-target pairs. While native readers showed morphological but not formal overlap priming, the two prime types yielded the same magnitudes of facilitation for non-natives. We argue that early word recognition processes in a non-native language are more influenced by surface-form properties than in one's native language.

Jalapeno or jalapeño: Do diacritics in consonant letters modulate visual similarity effects during word recognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marcet ◽  
Hnazand Ghukasyan ◽  
María Fernández-López ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Critical Letter ◽  
Prime Target

AbstractPrior research has shown that word identification times to DENTIST are faster when briefly preceded by a visually similar prime (dentjst; i↔j) than when preceded by a visually dissimilar prime (dentgst). However, these effects of visual similarity do not occur in the Arabic alphabet when the critical letter differs in the diacritical signs: for the target the visually similar one-letter replaced prime (compare and is no more effective than the visually dissimilar one-letter replaced prime Here we examined whether this dissociative pattern is due to the special role of diacritics during word processing. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment in Spanish using target words containing one of two consonants that only differed in the presence/absence of a diacritical sign: n and ñ. The prime-target conditions were identity, visually similar, and visually dissimilar. Results showed an advantage of the visually similar over the visually dissimilar condition for muñeca-type words (muneca-MUÑECA < museca-MUÑECA), but not for moneda-type words (moñeda-MONEDA = moseda-MONEDA). Thus, diacritical signs are salient elements that play a special role during the first moments of processing, thus constraining the interplay between the “feature” and “letter” levels in models of visual word recognition.

Effects of Orthography are Independent of Phonology in Masked form Priming

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Ferrand ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Word Target ◽  
Phonological Priming ◽  
Orthographic Priming ◽  
Prime Target

Briefly presented forward-masked primes that share letters with a word target have been shown to facilitate performance in different word recognition tasks. However, in all the experiments that have previously reported these facilitatory effects, related primes not only shared more letters with the target than did unrelated primes (orthographic priming), but they also shared more phonemes (phonological priming). The stimuli used in the present experiments allow us to separate out the effects of orthographic priming from phonological priming. Varying prime exposure duration from 14 to 57 msec, it is shown that effects of orthography follow a distinct time-course from the effects of phonology, and that orthographic facilitation does not result from a confound with phonological prime-target overlap.

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