The responsive bystander: How social group membership and group size can encourage as well as inhibit bystander intervention.

2008 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Levine ◽  
Simon Crowther
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Bystander Intervention

scholarly journals Is a PD game still a dilemma for Japanese rural villagers? A field and laboratory comparison of the impact of social group membership on cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Mitani
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLocal norms and shared beliefs in cohesive social groups regulate individual behavior in everyday economic life. I use a door-to-door field experiment where a hundred and twenty villagers recruited from twenty-three communities in a Japanese rural mountainous village play a simultaneous prisoner’s dilemma game. To examine whether a set of experiences shared through interactions among community members affect experimental behavior, I compare villagers’ behavior under in-community and out-community random matching protocols. I also report a counterpart laboratory experiment with seventy-two university student subjects to address the external validity of laboratory experiments. The findings are three-fold. First, almost full cooperation is achieved when villagers play a prisoner’s dilemma game with their anonymous community members. Second, cooperation is significantly higher within the in-group compared to the out-group treatment in both the laboratory and field experiments. Third, although a significant treatment effect of social group membership is preserved, a big difference in the average cooperation rates is observed between the laboratory and field.

Habitat patch size and mating system as determinants of social group size in coral-dwelling fishes

Coral Reefs ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Thompson ◽  
P. L. Munday ◽  
G. P. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Habitat Patch ◽  
Habitat Patch Size

Effect of social group size on aggressive behaviour between unacquainted domestic pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon P Turner ◽  
Graham W Horgan ◽  
Sandra A Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Domestic Pigs

Effects of social group size on information transfer and task allocation

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Pacala ◽  
Deborah M. Gordon ◽  
H. C. J. Godfray
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Task Allocation ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals Social Group Size and Shelter Availability Influence Individual Metabolic Traits in a Social Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Chrétien ◽  
Daniel Boisclair ◽  
Steven J Cooke ◽  
Shaun S Killen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Night Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Social Treatment ◽  
Shelter Availability

Abstract Group living is widespread among animal species and yields both costs and benefits. Presence of conspecifics can restrict or enhance the expression of individual behaviour, and the recent social environment is thought to affect behavioural responses in later contexts, even when individuals are alone. However, little is known about how social group size influences the expression of individual physiological traits, including metabolic rates. There is some evidence that shoaling can reduce fish metabolic rates but this variable may be affected by habitat conditions such as shelter availability via density-dependent processes. We investigated how social group size and shelter availability influence Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus metabolic rates estimated by respirometry. Respirometry trials were conducted on fish in isolation before and after they were housed for three weeks in a social treatment consisting in a specific group size (n = 4 or 8) and shelter availability (presence or absence of plant shelter in the experimental tank). Plant shelter was placed over respirometers for half of the duration of the respirometry trials, allowing estimation of minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates in both conditions (in the presence or absence of plant shelter). Standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) were also estimated over the entire trial. Minimum day-time and night-time metabolic rates estimated while in presence of plant shelter were lower than when estimated in absence of plant shelter, both before and after individuals were housed in their social treatment. After the social treatment, SMR were higher for fish that were held in groups of four as compared to that of fish held in groups of eight while MMR showed no difference. Plant shelter availability during the social treatments did not influence SMR or MMR. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Speech Genre: A Study of Gossip in Australian English Speaking Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Hamka
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Speech Genre ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Diverse Context

A gossip as a casual conversation usually occurs in diverse context or a wide range of social situations; has distinct and various topics; and involve an irregular set of participants. The scholars scrutinize that conversation has highly structured activity of which people tacitly realize that there are some basic conventions to follow – such as when to speak or to stay silent and to listen. In this study, I specifically discuss one of the speech genre – a gossip, in Australia English speaking context. The gossip data of the study is taken from the research conducted by Thornburry, Scott, and Slade, Diana (2006). In a discussion, I focus the analysis of the generic structure of the gossip and how it establishes the social function (within) the speech members. Several findings conveyed that: 1) there is a leeway of shifting from one genre to another – e.g. narrative to gossip, within the same participants; 2) conversation can be successful if all the participants aware of and follow the basic conventions – when to talk or to listen, support to judgement or reluctant to the focus of conversation; 3) the genre, e.g. narrative or gossip, could motivate people to leave or to join the conversation which then could establish and reinforce the group membership and maintain the values of the social group.

Shoaling decisions in female swordtails: how do fish gauge group size?

Behaviour ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (11) ◽  
pp. 1333-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Wong ◽  
Gil Rosenthal ◽  
Jessica Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Group ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Weber’S Law ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Xiphophorus Helleri ◽  
Weber's Law ◽  
Numerical Comparisons

AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms individuals might use to compare group sizes when making decisions about group membership. One possibility is that animals use ratio to determine differences in group sizes. Weber's Law states that the ease of any numerical comparison is based on the ratio between the stimuli compared; as the ratio becomes smaller the comparison becomes more difficult. We set out to test this prediction by offering female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, dichotomous choices between different shoal sizes, varying both in ratios and absolute numbers of fish. Swordtails attended to the ratio of group size between stimulus shoals, rather than the numerical difference between shoals, when making shoaling decisions. Where group size ratio was 2:1, subjects showed a significant preference for the larger shoal, independent of the numerical difference between the shoals. When the ratio was 1.5:1, subjects showed no preference. The ratio between group sizes may, thus, be an important factor in shoaling decisions. More broadly, ratio could prove to be a widespread mechanism for animals to make numerical comparisons in group assessments.

The Effects of Speaker Group Membership and Stereotypes on Responses to Accumulated Underaccommodation

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-522
Author(s):  
Jessica Gasiorek ◽  
Marko Dragojevic
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Initial Task

This study explored the role of social group membership and stereotypes in evaluating accumulated underaccommodation (i.e., repeated, insufficiently adjusted communication). Participants ( N = 229) engaged in three tasks in which they received underaccommodative instructions from another individual, ostensibly a young adult or an older adult. Consistent with hypotheses, speakers’ social group membership predicted stereotype content (with older adults stereotyped as warmer and more competent); warmth (but not competence) stereotypes, in turn, predicted inferred motive (directly) and perceived accommodation (indirectly) for the initial task, which in turn predicted ratings for subsequent tasks. Group membership also affected overall speaker evaluations.

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