scholarly journals Speech Genre: A Study of Gossip in Australian English Speaking Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Hamka
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Generic Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Speech Genre ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Diverse Context

A gossip as a casual conversation usually occurs in diverse context or a wide range of social situations; has distinct and various topics; and involve an irregular set of participants. The scholars scrutinize that conversation has highly structured activity of which people tacitly realize that there are some basic conventions to follow – such as when to speak or to stay silent and to listen. In this study, I specifically discuss one of the speech genre – a gossip, in Australia English speaking context. The gossip data of the study is taken from the research conducted by Thornburry, Scott, and Slade, Diana (2006). In a discussion, I focus the analysis of the generic structure of the gossip and how it establishes the social function (within) the speech members. Several findings conveyed that: 1) there is a leeway of shifting from one genre to another – e.g. narrative to gossip, within the same participants; 2) conversation can be successful if all the participants aware of and follow the basic conventions – when to talk or to listen, support to judgement or reluctant to the focus of conversation; 3) the genre, e.g. narrative or gossip, could motivate people to leave or to join the conversation which then could establish and reinforce the group membership and maintain the values of the social group.

Snapshots of tellings in interactions between adults and children aged two, three and three and a half in an Australian context

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 119-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Filipi
Keyword(s):  
Social Activity ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Object A ◽  
Birthday Party ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Australian English

This paper examines how and by whom tellings with two young children are triggered at ages 23, 36 and 42 months. The data for the investigation is derived from a larger Australian English corpus of over 50 hours of interactions in the home, although one of the children is a bilingual Italian/ English-speaking child. The data is derived from two parent/child dyads, and in the case of the child aged 42 months, a triadic interaction between a mother, her own child and a second child. Using the micro-analytic methods of conversation analysis, the study analyses five samples of tellings. The first two describe how a child, Cassandra, aged 23 months, is invited to recount events of her day by her parents. The trigger for these tellings is the social activity of sharing everyday routine events. The next two samples focus on Rosie at 36 months who is also invited to share a telling by her parent about a birthday party celebration and one about a neighbourhood cat, Claude. The first telling is triggered by an object, a balloon from a birthday party from the day before, while the second is triggered by play involving the character of a cat, initially derived from a favourite story, Hairy Maclary. In the final sample, Cassandra, aged 42 months, initiates a telling about an experience at her grandmother’s which is trigged by a picture in a book. The analyses in each case reveal the interactional issues that arise in the action of telling and how these are dealt with by all participants. By focusing on the three ages, key features in the children’s participation in storytelling are uncovered.

The Local Legend: A Product of Popular Culture

Rural History ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Folk Narrative ◽  
Community Or ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Entertainment Value

In the study of folktales, both in Britain and internationally, the privileged genre has always been the fairytale, the märchen or ‘Wonder Tale’. These complex, picturesque stories, such as ‘Snow White’ or ‘Cinderella’, have attracted innumerable scholarly collectors and interpreters. There is, however, another kind of oral folk narrative, equally widespread but less glamorous, which has far more to offer to the student of popular rural culture. I refer to the kind of story technically known to English-speaking folklorists as a ‘legend’ (German Sage). This centres upon some specific place, person or object which really exists or has existed within the knowledge of those telling and hearing the story. It reflects the beliefs, moral judgements and everyday preoccupations of the social group, and is in many cases, though not invariably, told ‘as true’. Its aim is to hand on accounts of significant events alleged to have occurred in a particular community or area and it has no truck with ‘once.upon a time’ and the ‘never-never land’. While the fairytale is long and is told for its entertainment value, the legend is almost always brief, for its normal context is casual conversation, where it is recounted in order to inform, explain, warn or educate. Its style is sober and realistic, for though it may contain supernatural and fantastic elements, these are given maximum plausibility by being brought into close association with the physical localisation of the tale.

Figuring the Group

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth DeMarrais
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Collective Experience

This article focuses on the social group, asking how approaches to the representation of the group (in forms such as rock-art, images painted on pottery and three-dimensional caches of figurines) can help us understand the nature of collective experience in the past. Current research has concentrated on individuals (and their experiences) in past societies, while group dynamics have been neglected. Attention should be re-directed to the wide range of emotional experiences that we know affected individuals, particularly as part of their interactions with others, during rituals and other collective events in the past. Investigation of figurative representations over a sustained period provides one means of reconstructing the repetitive, stereotyped emotions, local rules, ‘non-rational’ propensities, moral sentiments, and shared emotions that shaped group life in past societies.

scholarly journals The role of visual and olfactory cues in social decisions of guppies and zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Santaca' ◽  
Marco Dadda ◽  
Angelo Bisazza
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Types Of Information

Vision and olfaction are expensive to maintain, and in many taxa there appears to be a trade-off in investment between the two sensory systems. Previous work has suggested that guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) may differ in the relative importance they place on these two senses in social interactions. In this study, we directly examined this issue by experimentally contrasting olfactory and visual information in social situations. In the first experiment, we found that guppies spent more time where conspecifics were visible than where they could smell them. On the contrary, zebrafish spent significantly more time in an empty compartment containing smell of conspecifics than in a compartment in which they only saw them. The difference was not large, suggesting that both species integrate various types of information to locate a nearby shoal. In two subsequent experiments, we studied the role of vision and smell in the discrimination of the quality of the social group, namely the number and the familiarity of its members. Zebrafish and guppies were confirmed to rely on different senses to estimate the size of a social group, whereas they did not differ in the discrimination of familiar and non-familiar conspecifics which appears to be based equally on the two senses. Similarly to what happens in other vertebrate clades, we suggest that, among teleosts, there are large differences in the relative importance of the different senses in the perception of the external world.

scholarly journals Value-based Essentialism: Essentialist Beliefs About Social Groups With Shared Values

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
April Bailey ◽  
Joshua Knobe ◽  
George Newman
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Psychological Essentialism ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inductive Generalizations

Psychological essentialism has played an important role in social psychology, informing influential theories of stereotyping and prejudice as well as questions about wrongdoers’ accountability and their ability to change. In the existing literature, essentialism is often tied to beliefs in shared biology—i.e., the extent to which members of a social group are seen as having the same underlying biological features. Here we investigate the possibility of “value-based essentialism” in which people think of certain social groups in terms of an underlying essence, but that essence is understood as a value. Study 1 explored beliefs about a wide range of social groups and found that both groups with shared biology (e.g., women) and shared values (e.g., hippies) elicited similar general essentialist beliefs relative to more incidental social categories (e.g., English-speakers). In Studies 2-4, participants who read about a group either as being based in biology or in values reported higher general essentialist beliefs compared to a control condition. Because biological essences about social groups have been connected to a number of downstream consequences, we also investigated two test cases concerning value-based essentialism. In Study 3, beliefs about both shared biology and shared values increased inductive generalizations about the social group relative to control, but in Study 4, only the shared biology condition reduced blame for wrongdoing. Together these findings join with recent work to support a broader theoretical framework of essentialism about social groups that can be arrived at through multiple pathways, including, in the present case, shared values.

scholarly journals Serotonin depletion amplifies distinct human social emotions as a function of individual differences in personality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W Kanen ◽  
Fréderique E Arntz ◽  
Robyn Yellowlees ◽  
Rudolf N Cardinal ◽  
Annabel Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSerotonin is involved in a wide range of mental capacities essential for navigating the social world, including emotion and impulse control. Much recent work on serotonin and social functioning has focused on decision-making. Here we investigated the influence of serotonin on human emotional reactions to social conflict. We used a novel computerised task that required mentally simulating social situations involving unjust harm and found that depleting the serotonin precursor tryptophan – in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled design – enhanced emotional responses to the scenarios in a large sample of healthy volunteers (n = 73), and interacted with individual differences in trait personality to produce distinctive human emotions. Whereas guilt was preferentially elevated in highly empathic participants, annoyance was potentiated in those high in trait psychopathy, with medium to large effect sizes. Our findings show how individual differences in personality, when combined with fluctuations of serotonin, may produce diverse emotional phenotypes. This has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychopathology, determining who may be more sensitive to serotonin-modulating treatments, and casts new light on the functions of serotonin in emotional processing.

Locals don't have accents: children weigh phonological proficiency over syntactic or semantic proficiency when categorizing individuals

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyesung G. HWANG ◽  
Lori MARKSON
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Linguistic Proficiency

AbstractChildren categorize native-accented speakers as local and non-native-accented speakers as foreign, suggesting they use accent (i.e., phonological proficiency) to determine social group membership. However, it is unclear if accent is the strongest – and only – group marker children use to determine social group membership, or whether other aspects of language, such as syntax and semantics, are also important markers. To test this, five- to eight-year-old monolingual English-speaking children were asked to judge whether individuals who varied in phonological, syntactic, and semantic proficiency were local or foreign. Children were also asked which individual they wanted as a friend. Children prioritized phonological proficiency over syntactic and semantic proficiency to determine social group membership. However, with age, children begin to shift toward prioritizing syntactic and semantic proficiency over phonological proficiency in their friendship decisions, suggesting that the capacity to integrate different aspects of a speaker's linguistic proficiency changes with development.

scholarly journals Serotonin depletion amplifies distinct human social emotions as a function of individual differences in personality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Kanen ◽  
Fréderique E. Arntz ◽  
Robyn Yellowlees ◽  
Rudolf N. Cardinal ◽  
Annabel Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSerotonin is involved in a wide range of mental capacities essential for navigating the social world, including emotion and impulse control. Much recent work on serotonin and social functioning has focused on decision-making. Here we investigated the influence of serotonin on human emotional reactions to social conflict. We used a novel computerised task that required mentally simulating social situations involving unjust harm and found that depleting the serotonin precursor tryptophan—in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled design—enhanced emotional responses to the scenarios in a large sample of healthy volunteers (n = 73), and interacted with individual differences in trait personality to produce distinctive human emotions. Whereas guilt was preferentially elevated in highly empathic participants, annoyance was potentiated in those high in trait psychopathy, with medium to large effect sizes. Our findings show how individual differences in personality, when combined with fluctuations of serotonin, may produce diverse emotional phenotypes. This has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychopathology, determining who may be more sensitive to serotonin-modulating treatments, and casts new light on the functions of serotonin in emotional processing.

scholarly journals Social Competence of Adult Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with Severe Deprivation History: A Relational Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfriede Kalcher-Sommersgute ◽  
Cornelia Franz-Schaider ◽  
Karl Crailsheim ◽  
Signe Preuschoft
Keyword(s):  
Social Competence ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
Social Stimulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Majority Groups

The development of social competence depends on feedback from partners. We evaluated the social competence of 18 adult re-socialized chimpanzees with respect to (1) social group membership and (2) deprivation history combination. The groups comprised either a majority of early (EDs; mean age at onset of deprivation: 1.2 years) or late deprived chimpanzees (LDs; mean age at onset of deprivation: 3.6 years). We reapplied our model of social competence with five grades of social stimulation and found a diminished toleration of social stimulation (1) in ED-majority groups compared to the group where LDs predominate and (2) in homogeneous ED-majority dyads compared to homogeneous LD-majority dyads. LDs but not EDs representing the minority within their group were able to adjust their stimulation seeking to the majority of partners. Only the LD-dominated group and the homogeneous LD-majority dyads, respectively, showed improvements of social competence from the first to the second year following re-socialization.

Modern forms of assistance to solve families difficult cases and their adolescent children

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Marzena Możdżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Event ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
Difficult Cases ◽  
Complex Activities

Abstract In recent decades, we observe a significant disorganization of family life, especially in the sphere of parental functions performed by unprepared for the role emotional, socially and economically young people. Lack of education, difficulties in finding work, and the lack of prospects for positive change are the main causes of their impoverishment and progressive degradation in the social hierarchy. Reaching young people at risk of social exclusion and provide them with comprehensive care, should be a priority of modern social work and educational work. In order to provide help this social group and cope with the adverse event created a lot of programs to support systemically start in life. An example would be presented in the article KARnet 15+ program as a form of complex activities of a person stimulating subjectivity, and allows you to modify support in individual cases

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