The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias revisited

Chapter six explores the impact of the election of Richard Nixon on the war on poverty. It uncovers the conversations in the new Republican administration regarding the fate of the war on poverty, from questions over whether to rename the Office of Economic Opportunity to the appointment of Don Rumsfeld as OEO director. The chapter then moves on to discuss the way in which the evolution of massive resistance after 1965 and white opposition to the war on poverty shaped and contributed to emerging strands of conservative Republicanism in Mississippi. It places Mississippi’s “conservative color-blindness” in the broader context of the rise of the sunbelt South. Finally, the chapter illustrates the ways in which grassroots conservative groups—particularly women—were central to forging an ostensibly race neutral war against the war on poverty that was vital to the growing Mississippi Republican Party.

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Aversive Racism: Foundations, Impact, and Future Directions

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.194 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Audrey Murrell

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Social Impact ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Intergroup Bias ◽

Future Research ◽

Aversive Racism ◽

Future Directions ◽

Research And Practice ◽

The Impact ◽

Bias And Discrimination

The concept of aversive racism has had a significant impact on theory, research, and practice devoted to better understanding bias, discrimination, and persistent disparities based on social identity group such as race, gender, social class, and so on. Originally developed to better explain subtle forms of bias toward racial and minoritized groups, this concept has been extended to understand the impact of disparities in a range of diverse settings, such as intergroup relations, health outcomes, fairness in employment setting, intergroup conflict, educational outcomes, racial bias in policing, experiences of stress and mental health issues, and persistent economic disparities. A core facet of the aversive framework paradigm is that because of human biases that are deeply rooted within a historical context and reinforced by ongoing societal ideologies, unintentional and subtle forms of discrimination emerge and persist. Given that these subtle forms of bias and discrimination exist within otherwise well-intentioned individuals, strategies to eliminate them require understanding the complexity of the aversive racism phenomenon in order to develop effective social interventions. This article reviews the foundation, research, and impact of this important body of work. In addition, the concept of aversive racism is discussed in connection to emerging research on microaggressions and unconscious (implicit) bias in order to create a more integrated framework that can shape future research and applications. Lastly, practical implications for organizations and future directions are explored, such as using social identity as a theoretical lens, including global perspectives on intergroup bias and leveraging emerging work on intersectionality, as useful perspectives to extend the aversive racism framework. Setting a future agenda for research and practice related to aversive racism is key to greater understanding of how to reduce intergroup bias and discrimination through interventions that cut across traditional academic and discipline boundaries as one approach to create meaningful and long-lasting social impact.

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“Does daylight matter”? An examination of racial bias in traffic stops by police

Policing An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/pijpsm-04-2020-0055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 675-688

Author(s):

Anthony G. Vito ◽

Vanessa Woodward Griffin ◽

Gennaro F. Vito ◽

George E. Higgins

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Racial Profiling ◽

Police Department ◽

Police Departments ◽

Traffic Stops ◽

Content Type ◽

Show Evidence ◽

The Veil ◽

The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw a better understanding of the potential impact of daylight in officer decision making. In order to this, the authors test the veil of darkness hypothesis, which theorizes that racial bias in traffic stops can be tested by controlling for the impact of daylight, while operating under the assumption that driver patterns remain constant across race.Design/methodology/approachPublicly available traffic-stop records from the Louisville Metro Police Department for January 2010–2019. The analysis includes both propensity score matching to examine the impact of daylight in similarly situated stops and coefficients testing to analyze how VOD may vary in citation-specific models.FindingsThe results show that using PSM following the VOD hypothesis does show evidence of racial bias, with Black drivers more likely to be stopped. Moreover, the effects of daylight significantly varied across citation-specific models.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are self-reported from the officer and do not contain information on the vehicle make or model.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that utilizing PSM and coefficients testing provides for a better analysis following the VOD hypothesis and does a better job of understanding the impact of daylight and the officer decision-making on traffic stops.Social implicationsBased on the quality of the data, the findings show that the use of VOD allows for the performance of more rigorous analyses of traffic stop data – giving police departments a better way to examine if racial profiling is evident.Originality/valueThis is the first study (to the researchers' knowledge) that applies the statistical analyses of PSM to the confines of the veil of darkness hypothesis.

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Why someone did not stop them? Aversive racism and the responsibility of bystanders

Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal ◽

10.1108/edi-07-2020-0191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Audrey J. Murrell

Keyword(s):

Bystander Effect ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Racial Violence ◽

Shared Responsibility ◽

Future Research ◽

Aversive Racism ◽

Content Type ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Competency Based ◽

The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the impact of persistent racial bias, discrimination and racial violence is facilitated by otherwise well-intentioned individuals who fail to act or intercede. Utilizing the aversive racism framework, the need to move beyond awareness raising to facilitate behavioral changes is discussed. Examining the unique lens provided by the aversive racism framework and existing research, the bystander effect provides important insights on recent acts of racial violence such as the murder of Mr. George Floyd. Some promise is shown by the work on effective bystander behavior training and highlights the need for shared responsibility in preventing the outcomes of racial violence and discrimination to create meaningful and long-lasting social change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses literature based on the aversive racism framework together with the literature on the bystander effect to understand the factors, conditions and consequences for lack of intervention when the victim is African American. This paper also provides evidence and theory-based recommendations for strategies to change passive bystanders into active allies.FindingsThe use of the aversive racism framework provides a powerful lens to help explain the inconsistencies in the bystander effect based on the race of the victim. The implications for intervention models point to the need for behavioral and competency-based approaches that have been shown to provide meaningful change.Practical implicationsSeveral different approaches to address incidents of racial aggression and violence have been developed in the past. However, given the principles of aversive racism, a unique approach that considers the inconsistencies between self-perceptions and actions is needed. This sets a new agenda for future research and meaningful behavioral intervention programs that seek to equip bystanders to intercede in the future.Social implicationsThe need to address and provide effective strategies to reduce the incidence of racial aggression and violence have wide-ranging benefits for individuals, communities and society.Originality/valueBy connecting the aversive racism framework to the bystander effect, the need for different models for developing responsive and active bystanders can be more effectively outlined.

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Mixed motives and racial bias: The impact of legitimate and illegitimate criteria on decision making.

Psychology Public Policy and Law ◽

10.1037/1076-8971.12.1.36 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 36-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Michael I. Norton ◽

Samuel R. Sommers ◽

Joseph A. Vandello ◽

John M. Darley

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Racial Bias ◽

The Impact ◽

Mixed Motives

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Unconscious Racial Bias May Affect Dentists’ Clinical Decisions on Tooth Restorability: A Randomized Clinical Trial

JDR Clinical & Translational Research ◽

10.1177/2380084418812886 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 19-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

N. Patel ◽

S. Patel ◽

E. Cotti ◽

G. Bardini ◽

F. Mannocci

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Racial Bias ◽

White Patient ◽

Root Canal Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Black Patients ◽

Decayed Tooth ◽

The Impact ◽

Irreversible Pulpitis

Methods: In this single-center cross-sectional survey, 57 dentists were given a clinical scenario in combination with a patient’s relevant clinical photographs and radiographs depicting either a Black or White patient presenting with a decayed tooth and associated symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. Explicit bias was measured through a questionnaire, which evaluated participants’ course of treatment, strength of recommendation, and their perception of patients’ dental cooperativeness. Implicit bias was evaluated through brief implicit associate tests. Results: Recommendation for root canal treatment (RCT) in the White patient condition was significantly higher than in the Black patient condition (χ2 = 4.77, P < 0.05). Overall, participants were significantly more likely to recommend root canal treatment to White patients (t = 2.46, P = 0.0172) and significantly more likely to recommend extraction for Black patients (t = 3.03, P = 0.0034). In total, 91.23% and 78.95% of all participants displayed high Brief Implicit Association Test race and cooperation scores, respectively, showing a pro-White bias in both categories. This trend was shown to be irrespective of the patient condition. Conclusions: Dentists’ decision making was affected by the race of the patient, resulting in a greater likelihood of extractions (less RCT) for Black patients presenting with a broken-down tooth and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by clinicians to understand the impact that unconscious racial bias may have on their treatment planning decisions. This information can create awareness, thereby reducing the impact that potential biases can have on the treatment patients receive.

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Conflicts within the Idea of the Liberal Tradition

Comparative Studies in Society and History ◽

10.1017/s0010417500001705 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 274-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Harry V. Jaffa

Keyword(s):

American Politics ◽

Color Blindness ◽

The Other ◽

Liberal Tradition ◽

Political Struggles ◽

The World ◽

Democratic Revolution ◽

The Impact

The aspect of Professor Hartz's book which I find particularly challenging, but with which I cannot wholly agree, is his view that American politics is characterized by an absence of fundamental conflicts. I do agree that American political struggles have been different from those of Europe, and that this difference can be aptly characterized as a consequence of the fact that, in the Tocquevilleian formula, we have arrived at a state of democracy without having had to endure a democratic revolution. Americans have seldom experienced the particular passions engendered by the impact of the idea of equality upon class distinctions derived from a feudal regime. But it seems to me that the conflicts of American politics, while in one sense attenuated by the comparative absence of a feudal inheritance, in another sense have been intensified by this very fact, by reason of the immediacy of the demands of equality. If all Americans did not accept with such thoroughness. the pre-eminent “Lockeian” tenet, there would not be the persistent record of violent anger and frustration attending what each group of Americans regarded as its just inheritance from the operation of that tenet. To take the single most overpowering present-day example: where in the world but America could there be such simultaneous demands for color-blindness and color-consciousness in the regulation of all institutions patronized by law? Yet both the power and the simultaneity of these demands are assertions of the claims of equality: one side insisting that no law is valid which recognizes inequality of rights; the other insisting that none is valid which does not incorporate their uncoerced opinions or consent. Hartz does not examine the genuine difficulties which inhere in the attempt to create a society dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. He observes the virtual unanimity with which Americans have been committed to it, and he observes that they have nonetheless gone on quarreling. He concludes wrongly, however, that they have therefore quarreled over phantoms or irrelevancies. The reason for this mistaken judgment is the implicit thesis that quarrels which are genuine and profound are always quarrels in which the idea of equality is in competition with its opposite.

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Sleep Deprivation and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot: A Diffusion Model Analysis

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550620932723 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194855062093272

Author(s):

David J. Johnson ◽

Michelle E. Stepan ◽

Joseph Cesario ◽

Kimberly M. Fenn

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Diffusion Model ◽

Decision Model ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Model Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Shooting Decisions ◽

Process Level ◽

Diffusion Decision Model ◽

Extract Information

The current study examines the effect of sleep deprivation and caffeine use on racial bias in the decision to shoot. Participants deprived of sleep for 24 hr (vs. rested participants) made more errors in a shooting task and were more likely to shoot unarmed targets. A diffusion decision model analysis revealed sleep deprivation decreased participants’ ability to extract information from the stimuli, whereas caffeine impacted the threshold separation, reflecting decreased caution. Neither sleep deprivation nor caffeine moderated anti-Black racial bias in shooting decisions or at the process level. We discuss how our results clarify discrepancies in past work testing the impact of fatigue on racial bias in shooting decisions.

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