An examination of the relationship between hate crime, ethnic diversity and legislation in the U.S.

The paper examines the changing relations between the U.S. and Russia since the end of the twentieth century, shaped by the experience of NATO’s war with Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over Kosovo. The first decade after the termination of the Cold War brought about the American ‘unipolar moment’, and with it the attempt of Russian political elites to approach the unipole and find a sustainable modus vivendi with it: the relationship between Yeltsin and Clinton administrations is a vivid example of such endeavors. At the same time, policies such as NATO expansion induced suspicion on the Russian side with regard to the possibilities of achieving an understanding and allowing Russia to become a legitimate part of European security architecture. When, in March of 1999, NATO began with the attacks against FRY (a country perceived as traditionally friendly towards Russia) without the consent of the United Nations Security Council, a long shadow was cast over the prospects of a Russian – American rapprochement. All subsequent episodes of cooperation and competition between Russia and the U.S. have been observed through the lens shaped by the Kosovo war. Drawing from contemporary Russian and western academic literature and memoir materials (Primakov, Guskova, Narochnitska, Baranovsky, Tsygankov, Sushenkov; Wohlforth, Walt, Clarke, Hill, Galen Carpenter et al.) and building upon the traditional realist concepts of great power competition and balancing, the author assesses the development of U.S.-Russian security relations in the context the Kosovo war experience. It is argued that, in addition to being an attack against a country perceived as a traditional Russian friend or protégé, NATO bombing of FRY in 1999 posed a major concern to Russia because it was a signal that the alliance was ready to change its strategic posture and engage in out-of-area operations.

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Board of Director Characteristics, Institutional Ownership, and Fraud: Evidence from Australia

Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory ◽

10.2308/aud.2004.23.2.105 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 105-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Vineeta D. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Research Evidence ◽

Institutional Ownership ◽

Board Of Director ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Board Of Directors ◽

Director Characteristics ◽

The Relationship ◽

The U.S

Due to the high incidence of fraud in Australia, regulatory reports suggest strengthening the monitoring role of the board of directors (BOD). These reports recommend greater independence and no duality (chairperson of the BOD should not be the CEO) on the BOD. While there is no Australian evidence, research evidence in the U.S. supports these suggested reforms. It is not clear whether the research evidence observed in the U.S. will generalize to the Australian setting because of contextual differences. This study extends the U.S. findings to the Australian context and investigates the relationship between two attributes of the BOD, independence and duality, and fraud. In addition, I examine whether institutional ownership plays a role in the context of fraud. The more highly concentrated institutional ownership in Australia suggests the presence of some relationship. Using a matched sample of fraud and no-fraud firms from 1988–2000, I find that as the percentage of independent directors and the percentage of independent institutional ownership increases, the likelihood of fraud decreases. As expected, the results show a positive relationship between duality and the likelihood of fraud. These results support the call for strengthening the composition and structure of the BOD in Australia.

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The link between ethnic diversity and scientific impact: the mediating effect of novelty and audience diversity

Scientometrics ◽

10.1007/s11192-021-04071-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jielan Ding ◽

Zhesi Shen ◽

Per Ahlgren ◽

Tobias Jeppsson ◽

David Minguillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Scientific Collaboration ◽

Information Science ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Path Modeling ◽

Control Variables ◽

Scientific Impact ◽

Subject Categories ◽

Sound Management ◽

The Relationship

AbstractUnderstanding the nature and value of scientific collaboration is essential for sound management and proactive research policies. One component of collaboration is the composition and diversity of contributing authors. This study explores how ethnic diversity in scientific collaboration affects scientific impact, by presenting a conceptual model to connect ethnic diversity, based on author names, with scientific impact, assuming novelty and audience diversity as mediators. The model also controls for affiliated country diversity and affiliated country size. Using path modeling, we apply the model to the Web of Science subject categories Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Ecology and Information Science & Library. For all three subject categories, and regardless of if control variables are considered or not, we find a weak positive relationship between ethnic diversity and scientific impact. The relationship is weaker, however, when control variables are included. For all three fields, the mediated effect through audience diversity is substantially stronger than the mediated effect through novelty in the relationship, and the former effect is much stronger than the direct effect between the ethnic diversity and scientific impact. Our findings further suggest that ethnic diversity is more associated with short-term scientific impact compared to long-term scientific impact.

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Nonreligious Employees’ Perceptions of Microaggressions and Their Relationship With Job Satisfaction as Moderated by Calling

Journal of Career Development ◽

10.1177/08948453211013398 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 089484532110133

Author(s):

Jessica N. Schultz ◽

Melanie E. Leuty ◽

Emily Bullock-Yowell ◽

Richard Mohn

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Vocational Guidance ◽

Person Organization Fit ◽

Post Hoc ◽

The Relationship ◽

The U.S

Workplace microaggressions are related to person–organization fit (P-O fit) and job satisfaction. Additionally, P-O fit and calling predict job satisfaction. Given the religious connotations of calling, research has excluded study of these relationships in nonreligious samples, a growing segment of the U.S. population. To address this, it was predicted that P-O fit would mediate the relationship between microaggressions and job satisfaction, and calling would moderate the relationship between microaggressions and P-O fit. In a sample of 296 nonreligious employed adults, microaggressions predicted job satisfaction, while calling predicted P-O fit and job satisfaction; however, P-O fit did not mediate these relationships, and calling did not moderate microaggressions and P-O fit. Post hoc analyses revealed that calling moderated microaggressions and job satisfaction. Implications for research and vocational guidance with nonreligious individuals are discussed.

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Queer citizens and the perils of the neoliberal city: Racialized narratives of homophobic hate crime in Oslo, Norway

Sexualities ◽

10.1177/13634607211019365 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136346072110193

Author(s):

Henning Kaiser Klatran

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Hate Crime ◽

State Violence ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Mainstream Media ◽

Lgbt Community ◽

Lgbt People ◽

Queer Citizenship ◽

The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between queer citizenship, state violence and the exclusion of racialized, homophobic ‘others’. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with LGBT people in Oslo, Norway, I investigate the presence of racialization in narratives of homophobic hate crime. The findings suggest that racialization structures narratives of risk assessment among several of the participants. However, in these narratives, racialization often operates through place-specific references, rather than racial and ethnic markers of identity. The narrative work thus displays ambivalence and a disassociation from racism. I argue that these narratives feed on an already established conflation of space, ethnicity, religion and homophobia, to which both mainstream media and part of the LGBT community contribute.

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Governance and Business-Society Relations in Areas of Limited Statehood: An Introduction

Business & Society ◽

10.1177/0007650320985084 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000765032098508

Author(s):

Sameer Azizi ◽

Tanja Börzel ◽

Hans Krause Hansen

Keyword(s):

Social Inequality ◽

Ethnic Diversity ◽

Global South ◽

Special Issue ◽

Introductory Article ◽

Collective Goods ◽

International Ngos ◽

State Actors ◽

The Relationship ◽

Critical Reflections

In this introductory article we explore the relationship between statehood and governance, examining in more detail how non-state actors like MNCs, international NGOs, and indigenous authorities, often under conditions of extreme economic scarcity, ethnic diversity, social inequality and violence, take part in the making of rules and the provision of collective goods. Conceptually, we focus on the literature on Areas of Limited Statehood and discuss its usefulness in exploring how business-society relations are governed in the global South, and beyond. Building on insights from this literature, among others, the four articles included in this special issue provide rich illustrations and critical reflections on the multiple, complex and often ambiguous roles of state and non-state actors operating in contemporary Syria, Nigeria, India and Palestine, with implications for conventional understandings of CSR, stakeholders, and related conceptualizations.

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