Cognitive processing of trauma-relevant information in PTSD

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Relevant Information

scholarly journals Performance Appraisal Decision and Cognitive Processing Model: A Case of Novice and Expert Raters in the Educational Organization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusli Ahmad ◽  
Azman Ismail ◽  
Mohamad Madi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Appraisal System ◽  
New Perspective

This paper explores rater (novice and expert) understanding of the decision-making process in the performance appraisal system (PAS) by looking at the cognitive processing model (CPM). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured cognitive mapping protocol involving 22 Malaysian public school administrators and were analysed using key word analysis. The decision explorer software was used to map the thinking activities involved in the rater decision-making process. The findings revealed that raters recognised the CPM steps in their performance appraisal practice. The study also identified the differences between individual novice and expert raters’ CPM in terms of concept and complexity, and also an attempt was made to compare the CPM practised by the raters with that suggested in the research framework. Every cognitive map by the raters has its own uniqueness and represents raters capability to process relevant information involved during the performance appraisal decision-making process. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by offering a new perspective to understanding performance rating by looking at the steps involved in CPM. The research also offered some insights to policy makers, practitioners, researchers, and scholars in order to undertake further research and analysis using the steps in the CPM in a new issue, context, and environment.  

scholarly journals Using Eye-Tracking to Understand Decision-Making in Conjoint Experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-101
Author(s):  
Libby Jenke ◽  
Kirk Bansak ◽  
Jens Hainmueller ◽  
Dominik Hangartner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Attribute Importance ◽  
New Information ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Conjoint experiments are popular, but there is a paucity of research on respondents’ underlying decision-making processes. We leverage eye-tracking methodology and a series of conjoint experiments, administered to university students and local community members, to examine how respondents process information in conjoint surveys. There are two main findings. First, attribute importance measures inferred from the stated choice data are correlated with attribute importance measures based on eye movement. This validation test supports the interpretation of common conjoint metrics, such as average marginal component effects (AMCEs), as measures of attribute importance. Second, when we experimentally increase the number of attributes and profiles in the conjoint table, respondents view a larger absolute number of cells but a smaller fraction of the total cells displayed. Moving from two to three profiles, respondents search more within-profile, rather than within-attribute, to build summary evaluations. However, respondents’ stated choices remain fairly stable regardless of the number of attributes and profiles in the conjoint table. Together, these patterns speak to the robustness of conjoint experiments and are consistent with a bounded rationality mechanism. Respondents adapt to complexity by selectively incorporating relevant new information to focus on important attributes, while ignoring less relevant information to reduce cognitive processing costs.

Implicit Cognition and Psychopathology: Looking Back and Looking Forward

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany A. Teachman ◽  
Elise M. Clerkin ◽  
William A. Cunningham ◽  
Sarah Dreyer-Oren ◽  
Alexandra Werntz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Implicit Cognition ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processing

Implicit cognitive processing is theorized to have a central role in many forms of psychopathology. In the current review, we focus on implicit associations, by which we mean evaluative representations in memory that are difficult to control and do not require conscious reflection to influence affect, cognition, or behavior. We consider definitional and measurement challenges before examining recent empirical evidence for these associations in anxiety, obsessive–compulsive, posttraumatic stress, depressive, and alcohol use disorders. This examination is framed by a brief review of the ways that prominent models of psychopathology represent biased implicit processing of disorder-relevant information. We consider to what extent models reflect more traditional automatic/implicit versus strategic/explicit dual-process perspectives or reflect more recent dynamical systems perspectives in which mental representations are iteratively reprocessed, evolving continuously. Finally, we consider the future research needed to better understand the interactive and temporal dynamics of implicit cognition in psychopathology.

scholarly journals Smartphone-Based Symbol-Digit Modalities Test Reliably Measures Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linh Pham ◽  
Thomas Harris ◽  
Mihael Varosanec ◽  
Peter Kosa ◽  
Bibiana Bielekova
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Speed Test ◽  
Brain Parenchymal Fraction ◽  
Brain Parenchymal ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients

AbstractLimited time for patient encounters prevents reliable evaluation of all neurological functions in routine clinical practice. Quantifying neurological disability in a patient-autonomous manner via smartphones may remedy this problem, if such tests provide reliable, disease-relevant information.We developed a smartphone version of the cognitive processing speed test, the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and assessed its clinical utility. The traditional SDMT uses identical symbol-number codes, allowing memorization after repeated trials. In the phone app, the symbol-number codes are randomly generated.In 154 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 39 healthy volunteers (HV), traditional and smartphone SDMT have good agreement (Lin’s coefficient of concordance [CCC] = 0.84) and comparable test-retest variance. In subjects with available volumetric MRI and digitalized neurological examinations (112 MS, 12 HV), the SDMT scores were highly associated with T2 lesion load and brain parenchymal fraction, when controlled for relevant clinical characteristics. The smartphone SDMT association with clinical/imaging features was stronger (R2 = 0.75, p < 0.0001) than traditional SDMT (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.0001). In the longitudinal subcohort, improvements from testing repetition (learning effects), were identifiable using non-linear regression in 14/16 subjects and, on average, peaked after 8 trials. Averaging several post-learning SDMT results significantly lowers the threshold for detecting true decline in test performance.In conclusion, smartphone, self-administered SDMT is a reliable substitute of the traditional SDMT for measuring processing speed in MS patients. Granular measurements at home increase sensitivity to detect true performance decline in comparison to sporadic assessments in the clinic.

scholarly journals The Common Time Course of Memory Processes Revealed

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1463-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Anderson ◽  
Jelmer P. Borst ◽  
Jon M. Fincham ◽  
Avniel Singh Ghuman ◽  
Caitlin Tenison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to compare memory processes in two experiments, one involving recognition of word pairs and the other involving recall of newly learned arithmetic facts. A combination of hidden semi-Markov models and multivariate pattern analysis was used to locate brief “bumps” in the sensor data that marked the onset of different stages of cognitive processing. These bumps identified a separation between a retrieval stage that identified relevant information in memory and a decision stage that determined what response was implied by that information. The encoding, retrieval, decision, and response stages displayed striking similarities across the two experiments in their duration and brain activation patterns. Retrieval and decision processes involve distinct brain activation patterns. We conclude that memory processes for two different tasks, associative recognition versus arithmetic retrieval, follow a common spatiotemporal neural pattern and that both tasks have distinct retrieval and decision stages.

The flexible impact of member affect in groups performing complex decision-making tasks

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022098560
Author(s):  
Young-Jae Yoon ◽  
James R. Larson ◽  
Jeffrey R. Huntsinger
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Group Decisions ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Processing Styles

Positive and negative affect are often thought to influence the quality of group decision-making by prompting different cognitive processing styles: a less effortful heuristic style in the case of positive affect, and a more detail-oriented systematic style in the case of negative affect, with the latter yielding better group decisions than the former. By contrast, we argue that rather than prompting a specific cognitive processing style, positive affect encourages the maintenance of whatever style is currently in use, while negative affect encourages a change in style. Consequently, both positive and negative affect can result in either better or worse group decisions, depending on which cognitive processing style was at play just prior to the affect’s arousal. To test this idea, we conducted three experiments, and found that when heuristic processing was initially primed, subsequently inducing a sad mood resulted in better decisions by both individuals and groups than did subsequently inducing a happy mood. The reverse occurred when systematic processing was initially primed. In groups, these effects were mediated by the relative focus, during group discussion, on critical decision-relevant information. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.

Cognitive processing of personally relevant information

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley C. Riemann ◽  
Richard J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Relevant Information

Anger in Health and Risk Messaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude H. Miller ◽  
Reinaldo Cortes Quantip
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Risk Prevention ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Argument Quality ◽  
Prevention Messages ◽  
Active Processing

Within a range of health communication contexts, anger can be either a detriment to the receptivity of health promotion messages when poorly controlled, or a benefit to information processing when appropriately directed. In the former case, anger can disrupt cognitive processing, leading to a range of negative outcomes, including emotional turbulence and a preoccupation with anger-eliciting events that can severely limit the receptivity of health promotion and risk prevention messages. However, when properly directed and elicited in moderation, anger can motivate greater purpose and resolve in response to health threats, stimulate more active processing of health warnings, sharpen focus on argument quality, and direct greater attention to coping-relevant information concerning harmful health risks.

scholarly journals The Latency of Spontaneous Eye Blinks Marks Relevant Visual and Auditory Information Processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Murali ◽  
Barbara Händel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Auditory Information Processing ◽  
Additional Influence ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Domain Independent

AbstractEye blinks are influenced by several external sensory and internal cognitive factors. However, neither the precise temporal effects of these factors on blinking nor how their timing compares between modalities is known. Our aim was to understand the influence of sensory input vs task-relevant information on blinks in the visual and auditory domain.Using a visual and an auditory temporal judgement task, we found that blinks were suppressed during stimulus presentation in both domains and the overall input length had a significant positive relationship with blink latency i.e. the end of blink suppression. Indeed, the effect of sensory input duration on blink latency was not significantly different between visual and auditory stimuli. The precise timing of blink latency was further modulated by the duration of the task relevant input, which was independent of the overall length of sensory input. The influence of task related changes embedded in the overall stimulation suggests an additional influence of top-down processes on blink timing. Intriguingly, embedded changes as short as 40 ms in the auditory domain and 100 ms in the visual domain are reflected in blink latency differences. Importantly, we could show that task accuracy and motor response was not the driving factor of blink modulation.Our results show a sensory domain independent modulation of blink latencies introduced by changes in the length of task-relevant information. Therefore, blinks not only mark the time of sensory input but also can act as precise indicator for periods of cognitive processing and attention.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document