Secrets and Lies: How Consumers Manage the Flow of Ego-Threatening Information

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Kang ◽  
Grant Packard ◽  
David B. Wooten
Keyword(s):  
Threatening Information

Preserving Integrity in the Face of Performance Threat

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Legault ◽  
Timour Al-Khindi ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Self-affirmation produces large effects: Even a simple reminder of one’s core values reduces defensiveness against threatening information. But how, exactly, does self-affirmation work? We explored this question by examining the impact of self-affirmation on neurophysiological responses to threatening events. We hypothesized that because self-affirmation increases openness to threat and enhances approachability of unfavorable feedback, it should augment attention and emotional receptivity to performance errors. We further hypothesized that this augmentation could be assessed directly, at the level of the brain. We measured self-affirmed and nonaffirmed participants’ electrophysiological responses to making errors on a task. As we anticipated, self-affirmation elicited greater error responsiveness than did nonaffirmation, as indexed by the error-related negativity, a neural signal of error monitoring. Self-affirmed participants also performed better on the task than did nonaffirmed participants. We offer novel brain evidence that self-affirmation increases openness to threat and discuss the role of error detection in the link between self-affirmation and performance.

scholarly journals The effects of framing and ego-involvement on performance on the Wason selection task

Psihologija ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Jovanovic ◽  
Iris Zezelj
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Selection Task ◽  
School Students ◽  
Wason Selection Task ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Ego Involvement ◽  
The One

Man?s deep-rooted tendency to maintain and reinforce a positive self-image makes man inclined to uncritically accept desirable information (the confirmation bias) as well as to criticize and reject undesirable information (the disconfirmation bias). Since disconfirmation strategy leads to a logically correct solution to the four-card Wason selection task, we predicted that ego-involvement manipulation would have a significant effect on the success rate of the task. Specifically, we hypothesized that subjects who were exposed to personally threatening information would try to reject it and thus be more successful on Wason task than those who were exposed to non-threatening information, as established in previously published study by Dawson et al. (2002a). Furthermore, we wanted to examine if manipulating valence framing of the Wason task rule would result in a higher success rate for the group exposed to the threatening and negatively framed rule (that implied their own early death) than the group exposed to the threatening but positively framed rule (that category of people other than the one they belong to live longer). One hundred ninety five high school students from Kragujevac, Serbia participated in the experiment. The results confirmed the expected effect of involvement, while the main effect of framing did not occur. However, there was a marginally significant involvement by framing interaction: unexpectedly, non involved participants were more likely to solve the task correctly when it was positively framed than when in was negatively framed, whilst in the involved group there was no difference in correct responding depending on framing. The findings suggest that the success rate in Wason task can be sensitive to the valence framing of the rule, but only when respondents are not highly personally threatened. Potential methodological interventions in ego-involvement manipulation and content of the rules are discussed.

Anxiety-Linked Attentional Bias: Is It Reliable?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 529-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin MacLeod ◽  
Ben Grafton ◽  
Lies Notebaert
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Bias Assessment ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Stable Invariant ◽  
Anxiety Vulnerability

There is substantial evidence that heightened anxiety vulnerability is characterized by increased selective attention to threatening information. The reliability of this anxiety-linked attentional bias has become the focus of considerable recent interest. We distinguish between the potential inconsistency of anxiety-linked attentional bias and inconsistency potentially reflecting the psychometric properties of the assessment approaches used to measure it. Though groups with heightened anxiety vulnerability often exhibit, on average, elevated attention to threat, the evidence suggests that individuals are unlikely to each display a stable, invariant attentional bias to threat. Moreover, although existing assessment approaches can differentiate between groups, they do not exhibit the internal consistency or test-retest reliability necessary to classify individuals in terms of their characteristic pattern of attentional responding to threat. We discuss the appropriate uses of existing attentional bias assessment tasks and propose strategies for enhancing classification of individuals in terms of their tendency to display an attentional bias to threat.

Cognitive aspects of social phobia: a review of theories and experimental research

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Z. Musa ◽  
J.P. Lépine
Keyword(s):  
Social Phobia ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Attention Memory

SummaryCognitive theories of social phobia have largely been inspired by the information-processing models of anxiety. They propose that cognitive biases can, at least partially, explain the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. A specific bias, conceived as a tendency to preferentially process socially-threatening information, has been proposed. This bias is thought to intervene in cognitive processes such as attention, memory and interpretation. Research paradigms adopted from experimental cognitive psychology and social psychology have been used to investigate these hypotheses. The existence of a bias in the allocation of attentional resources and the interpretation of information seems to be confirmed. A memory bias in terms of better retrieval for threat-relevant information appears to depend on specific encoding activities.

Memory bias for threatening information related to anxiety: an updated meta-analytic review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 832-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Herrera ◽  
Ignacio Montorio ◽  
Isabel Cabrera ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Analytic Review

The impact of threatening information about pain on coping and pain tolerance

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd. Jackson ◽  
Laurie. Pope ◽  
Takeo. Nagasaka ◽  
April. Fritch ◽  
Tony. Iezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
The Impact

Repressor Personality Styles and EEG Patterns Associated with Affective Memory and Thought Suppression

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler S. Lorig ◽  
Jerome L. Singer ◽  
George A. Bonanno ◽  
Penelope Davis ◽  
Gary E. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Manifest Anxiety ◽  
Negative Memories

Repressive personality style has often been identified as an important variable governing a variety of individual differences. There is debate, however, concerning the mechanisms by which this style is expressed. One hypothesis suggests that threatening information, after encoding, is suppressed from awareness. Another theory maintains that threatening information is diverted from awareness at a “preconscious” level. The experiment described here attempted to address this debate. Twenty undergraduate subjects selected on the basis of their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale participated. The subjects represented four personality groups based on the intersection of high and low scores on the two tests. Individuals showing low anxiousness-high social desirability were identified as repressors. EEG, cardiovascular, and self-report data were recorded form subjects as they engaged in recall, elaboration, and suppression of positive and negative memories. Results of the analyses of these data indicated that the personality groups differed widely in EEG theta, alpha and beta activity during the completion of these tasks. The pattern of these findings suggest that subjects using a repressive coping style exhibit EEG activity associated with anxiety and also an absence of cognitive activity when faced with the recall of negative memories.

scholarly journals Difficult Dialogues: Faculty Responses to a Gender Bias Literacy Training Program

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Isaac ◽  
Linda Manwell ◽  
Patricia Devine ◽  
Cecilia Ford ◽  
Jennifer Sheridan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Critical Incident ◽  
Diversity Training ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Engineering Mathematics ◽  
Threatening Information ◽  
Midwestern University ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Difficult Dialogues

Diversity training is challenging and can evoke strong emotional responses from participants including resistance, shame, confusion, powerlessness, defensiveness, and anger. These responses create complex situations for both presenters and other learners. We observed 3 experienced presenters as they implemented 41 gender bias literacy workshops for 376 faculty from 42 STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics, medicine) departments at one Midwestern university. We recorded questions and answers as well as participants’ non-verbal activity during each 2.5-hour workshop. Employing content analysis and critical incident technique, we identified content that elicited heightened activity and challenging dialogues among presenters and faculty. Results from analysis of this observational data found three important findings: (1) presenters continually reinforced the idea that implicit bias is ordinary and pervasive, thus avoiding participant alienation by allowing participants to protect their self-worth and integrity; (2) difficult dialogues were managed calmly without verbal sparring or relinquishing control; (3) the presenters created an environment where individuals were more likely to accept threatening information.

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