Me and You vs. The World: The Effects of Affiliative Motivation and Group Membership on Social Tuning

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Spear ◽  
Maia Selkow ◽  
Jeanine Skorinko ◽  
Janetta Lun ◽  
Stacey Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Tuning

scholarly journals Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson ◽  
Mina Cikara ◽  
Jim Sidanius
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
Status Differences

The capacity to empathize with others facilitates prosocial behavior. People’s willingness and capacity to empathize, however, is often contingent upon the target’s group membership – people are less empathic towards those they categorize as out-group members. In competitive or threatening intergroup contexts, people may even feel pleasure (counter-empathy) in response to out-group members’ misfortunes. Social dominance orientation (SDO), or the extent to which people prefer and promote group-based inequalities, is an ideological variable that is associated with a competitive view of the world, increased prejudicial attitudes, and decreased empathy. Thus, higher levels of SDO should be associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy in general, but especially towards those whose subjugation maintains group inequalities. Across three studies we show that among White individuals, higher SDO levels are associated with less empathy, and more counter-empathy in response to others’ good and bad fortunes. More importantly, these reductions in empathy and increases in schadenfreude as a function of SDO were significantly stronger for Asian and Black targets than for in-group White targets when group boundaries were made salient prior to the empathy ratings. Finally, in a fourth study we show that this phenomenon is not dependent upon a history of status differences: higher SDO scores were associated with decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy for competitive out-group (relative to in-group) targets in a novel group setting. We discuss implications of these effects for hierarchy maintenance.

scholarly journals Fostering Informatics Education through Teams Olympiad

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia AMAROLI ◽  
Giorgio AUDRITO ◽  
Luigi LAURA
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Peer Education ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Talented Students

Even though the International Olympiad in Informatics directly involves a restricted number of pupils from each country, one of its primary goals is stimulating interest in computer science and information technology over the whole younger segment of the world’ s population. In several countries, this aim has to be accomplished without an active intervention of the Ministry of Education on school programs, relying on the efforts of small devoted organizations. In this context, promoting the involvement of a large number of school teachers may be as crucial as difficult to achieve. Following a 9-year experience of teams competitions in Italy, recently shared with other European countries, we argue that teams Olympiad may be an effective tool for widening the participation of high-school students and teachers, synergistically cooperating with existing individual competitions. On the one hand, teams contests foster peer education, encouraging talented students to help training fellows. On the other hand, these competitions can be more appealing both for average students, valuing group membership more than personal accomplishments, and most importantly, teachers: team achievements are more recognizably linked with the overall school or teacher performance than solitary excellences, resulting in increased returns rewarding the involved subjects.

scholarly journals A Clean, Green New Zealand? An In-Depth Look at the Personal Experiences of Animal Rights Activists

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Feigin ◽  
Richard Glynn Owens ◽  
Felicity Goodyear-Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Insight Into

This study explored personal experiences of animal rights and environmental activists in New Zealand. The stories of participants provided insight into the challenges activists face in a country where the economy is heavily dependent on animal agriculture. A qualitative methodology was utilised and several major themes emerged: (1) emotional and psychological experiences, (2) group membership, (3) characteristics of activism and liberation, (4) the law and its agents, and (5) challenge to society. Participants of the study represent a group of individuals engaged in acts of altruistic offending triggered by exposure to the suffering of non-human animals. Their moral philosophy and conscience overrode all considerations for legal repercussions, and through their activism they not only challenged the status quo, but also called upon non-activist members of society to make meaningful contributions to the world around them.

People Like Us Have Got to Stick Together

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Brian F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
Advocacy Campaigns

Chapter 6 focuses on the power of shared identity and values. Social psychology shows that we like to feel like we belong in social groups because it boosts self-confidence and helps to make sense of the world. Each person has more than one identity and maintaining social group membership is a powerful driver of political behavior. Highlighting groups and identities that we share is a vital strategy to relate to others and to encourage them to listen to political conversations they may otherwise ignore or avoid. Advocacy campaigns and persuasive communication about LGBT rights have been focused on shared, strongly held identities and values to shift opinions. This chapter discusses the benefits of focusing on commonalities rather than differences or things that are unknown, including shared identities as members of the same community or state, ethnoracial group, or political party, and of appealing to common values like fairness, equality, and patriotism.

scholarly journals The song, not the singer: Infants prefer to listen to familiar songs, regardless of singer identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Elisabeth Kragness ◽  
Elizabeth Johnson ◽  
Laura Cirelli
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Rhythmic Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
Electrodermal Responses

Parent’s infant-directed vocalizations are highly dynamic and emotive compared to their adult-directed counterparts, and correspondingly, more effectively capture infants’ attention. Infant-directed singing is a specific type of vocalization that is common throughout the world. Parents tend to sing a small handful of songs in a stereotyped way, and a number of recent studies have highlighted the significance of familiar songs in young children’s social behaviors and evaluations. To date, no studies have examined whether infants’ responses to familiar vs. unfamiliar songs are modulated by singer identity (i.e., whether the singer is their own parent). In the present study, we investigated 9- to 12-month-old infants’ (N = 29) behavioral and electrodermal responses to relatively familiar and unfamiliar songs sung by either their 10 own mother or another infant’s mother. Familiar songs recruited more attention and rhythmic movement, and lower electrodermal levels relative to unfamiliar songs. Moreover, these responses were robust regardless of whether the singer was their mother or a stranger, even when the stranger’s rendition differed greatly from their mothers’ in mean fundamental frequency and tempo. Results indicate that infants’ interest in familiar songs is not limited to idiosyncratic characteristics of their parents’ song renditions, and points to the potential for song as an effective early signifier of group membership.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Psychology of Leadership: From Personal Identity to Social Identity

Daedalus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alexander Haslam ◽  
Stephen D. Reicher
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Influence Process ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Social Identity Approach

Leadership is an influence process that centers on group members being motivated to reach collective goals. As such, it is ultimately proven by followership. Yet this is something that classical and contemporary approaches struggle to explain as a result of their focus on the qualities and characteristics of leaders as individuals in the abstract. To address this problem, we outline a social identity approach that explains leadership as a process grounded in an internalized sense of shared group membership that leaders create, represent, advance, and embed. This binds leaders and followers to each other and is a basis for mutual influence and focused effort. By producing qualitative transformation in the psychology of leaders and followers it also produces collective power that allows them to coproduce transformation in the world. The form that this takes then depends on the model and content of the identity around which the group is united.

scholarly journals Social cognitive development: The intergroup context

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Chalik ◽  
Antonia Misch ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Categorization ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Ecology

Throughout human history and across all human cultures, civilizations have organized themselves into social collectives, to the extent that it seems fair to say that social groups are the natural ecology of our species. In many ways, these groups play the same role as do categories in other domains; after all, the world is an incredibly complex place, and dividing it into categories is a powerful way to simplify this complexity and maximize efficiency in learning. In the social world, this way of working through complexity is especially important, given the extreme range of variability that exists across human individuals and communities. Children must navigate a world full of people with a range of properties that appear to have little in common with one another, posing a particularly difficult learnability problem. Social categorization allows children to work through this complexity by selecting features that denote meaningful differences between people. As a result, social categories become a fundamental lens through which we see the world.It should thus not surprise that social categorization of some sort exists across all human societies, making it a human universal (Brown, 2004). But, there are important differences across human cultures in how groups are defined, which groups are viewed as important, and what the consequences of group membership are. Thus, it is important to consider how cognitive development unfolds in an intergroup context. In this chapter, we broadly explore how children across development understand social categories and use these categories to navigate the social world. In doing so, we aim to demonstrate where there is diversity across human cultures in how social categorization unfolds, and what aspects of this diversity are grounded in common psychological tendencies and mechanisms.

The 1970s: Conquering the World

2000 ◽  
pp. 51-78
Author(s):  
Frank Broeze
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Container Shipping ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Group

This chapter follows the expansion of the container industry throughout the 1970s, into a fully worldwide system. The success of containerising cargo liners propelled the industry forward at a rate nobody in the field could accurately predict. It charts the histories and growth of established container companies, plus the surge in establishment of new companies to meet the industry’s needs and to establish ‘national carriers’ to meet the desires of each maritime nation. It examines statistics pertinent to the industry, such as market shares, trade group membership details, and the dates of container shipping introduction across major routes. Of particular interest is the activities of the influenctial TRIO group (Britain-Germany-Japan) in relation to the industry’s expansion

A World View of Bioculturally Modified Teeth

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
World View ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this volume is intentional dental modification—changing the human appearance by removing teeth, or otherwise altering their shape, surface, or color. It has been practiced, in one form or another, on every occupied continent at some point over the past 16,000 years. The contributions in this volume encompass a diverse body of work on the subject over this timespan, from Africa, Europe, the Americas, Australia, Oceania, and Asia. As a highly visible practice, dental modification may be used to send complex messages concerning a variety of topics, including status, personal identity, and group membership. But beyond this, the difficulties in identifying purposefully modified teeth, the motivations for and biocultural consequences of the practice, and even the social context in which it still occurs today are presented. As a body of work, the aim is to capture a representative spectrum of dental modification around the world, and the variety of ways in which it can inform us about the humans occupying those regions, both past and present.

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