Children's Exposure to Aggression & Violence Panel Overview Abstract

This paper investigates the high-earning children's series, A Series of Unfortunate Events, in relation to the skills young people require to survive and thrive in what Ulrich Beck calls risk society. Children's textual culture has been traditionally informed by assumptions about childhood happiness and the need to reassure young readers that the world is safe. The genre is consequently vexed by adult anxiety about children's exposure to certain kinds of knowledge. This paper discusses the implications of the representation of adversity in the Lemony Snicket series via its subversions of the conventions of children's fiction and metafictional strategies. Its central claim is that the self-consciousness or self-reflexivity of A Series of Unfortunate Events} models one of the forms of reflexivity children need to be resilient in the face of adversity and to empower them to undertake the biographical project risk society requires of them.

Download Full-text

Family Influences on Youth Offending

The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190201371.013.18 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 377-403

Author(s):

Abigail A. Fagan ◽

Kristen M. Benedini

Keyword(s):

Life Course ◽

Family Environment ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Parental Violence ◽

Youth Delinquency ◽

The Impact ◽

Children’S Exposure

This chapter reviews the degree to which empirical evidence demonstrates that families influence youth delinquency. Because they are most likely to be emphasized in life-course theories, this chapter focuses on parenting practices such as parental warmth and involvement, supervision and discipline of children, and child maltreatment. It also summarizes literature examining the role of children's exposure to parental violence, family criminality, and young (teenage) parents in affecting delinquency. Because life-course theories are ideally tested using longitudinal data, which allow examination of, in this case, the impact of parenting practices on children's subsequent behaviors, this chapter focuses on evidence generated from prospective studies conducted in the United States and other countries. It also discusses findings from experimental studies designed to reduce youth substance use and delinquency by improving the family environment.

Download Full-text

Gender Differences in Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence in Nigeria

Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma ◽

10.1007/s40653-021-00386-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Bolaji Asagba ◽

Oluwaseun Weyinmi Noibi ◽

Ifeanyichukwu Anthony Ogueji

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Domestic Violence ◽

Exposure To Domestic Violence ◽

Children’S Exposure

Download Full-text

Explaining the accumulation of victimization in vulnerable children: Interpersonal violence among children traumatized by war and disaster in a children's home in Sri Lanka

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420001078 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Vathsalan Rajan ◽

Frank Neuner ◽

Claudia Catani

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Family Violence ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Externalizing Behavior ◽

Previous Exposure ◽

Vulnerable Children ◽

Mass Trauma ◽

Traumatized Children ◽

Children's Home ◽

Children’S Exposure

Abstract Research in postconflict settings indicated that children's exposure to war and natural disaster is a significant predictor of experiencing violence within their families. However, it is unclear if this effect is driven by characteristics of traumatized children or their parents. To disentangle these different factors we conducted a survey in a children's home in Sri Lanka. A total of 146 institutionalized children (aged 8 to 17) were interviewed using standardized questionnaires administered by local senior counselors in order to assess children's exposure to mass trauma, family violence, and violence in the institution as well as their mental health. Linear regression analyses revealed that, controlling for potential confounds, previous exposure to civil war was a significant predictor of violence by guardians in the children's home. In addition, previous exposure to family violence was a significant predictor of violence by peers in the institutions. A mediation analysis showed that children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems partly mediated the relationship between violence prior to the admission to the children's home and violence in the children's home. The findings of our study provide evidence for the assumption that the transmission of mass trauma into interpersonal violence can occur independently from parents through children's psychopathology.

Download Full-text

The Effect of Route Choice in Children’s Exposure to Ultrafine Particles Whilst Walking to School

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18157808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 7808

Author(s):

Mehrdad Rafiepourgatabi ◽

Alistair Woodward ◽

Jennifer A. Salmond ◽

Kim Natasha Dirks

Keyword(s):

Ultrafine Particles ◽

Route Choice ◽

The Other ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Public Health Officials ◽

Risk Of Exposure ◽

The Mean ◽

Walking To School ◽

Elevated Exposure ◽

Children’S Exposure

Children walking to school are at a high risk of exposure to air pollution compared with other modes because of the time they spend in close proximity to traffic during their commute. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a walker’s route choice on their exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) on the walk to school. During morning commutes over a period of three weeks, exposure to UFP was measured along three routes: two routes were alongside both sides of a busy arterial road with significantly higher levels of traffic on one side compared to the other, and the third route passed through quiet streets (the background route). The results indicate that the mean exposure for the pedestrian walking along the background route was half the exposure experienced on the other two routes. Walkers on the trafficked side were exposed to elevated concentrations (>100,000 pt/cc) 2.5 times longer than the low-trafficked side. However, the duration of the elevated exposure for the background route was close to zero. Public health officials and urban planners may use the results of this study to promote healthier walking routes to schools, especially those planned as part of organized commutes.

Download Full-text

Concentrations of Seven Phthalate Monoesters in Infants and Toddlers Quantified in Urine Extracted from Diapers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18136806 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 6806

Author(s):

Fiorella Lucarini ◽

Marc Blanchard ◽

Tropoja Krasniqi ◽

Nicolas Duda ◽

Gaëlle Bailat Rosset ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Young Children ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Urine Collection ◽

Infants And Toddlers ◽

Urine Sampling ◽

Disposable Diapers ◽

Children’S Exposure

Carrying out exposure studies on children who are not toilet trained is challenging because of the difficulty of urine sampling. In this study, we optimized a protocol for urine collection from disposable diapers for the analysis of phthalate metabolites. The exposure of Swiss children (n = 113) between 6 months and 3 years of life to seven phthalates was assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry measurements. The study showed limited exposures to phthalates, with only 22% of the samples containing some of the metabolites investigated. The three most frequently detected metabolites were monoethyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-benzyl phthalate. We also detected mono-n-octyl phthalate and mono(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate, which have rarely been observed in urine from infants and toddlers; therefore, di-n-octyl phthalate and bis(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate can be considered as potentially new emerging phthalates. This study presents an initial snapshot of the Swiss children’s exposure to phthalates and provides a promising approach for further phthalate biomonitoring studies on young children using disposable diapers as urine sampling technique.

Download Full-text