scholarly journals The many faces of self-control: Tacit assumptions and recommendations to deal with them.

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Milyavskaya ◽  
Elliot T. Berkman ◽  
Denise T. D. De Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tacit Assumptions

scholarly journals The many faces of self-control: Tacit assumptions and recommendations to deal with them.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Milyavskaya ◽  
Elliot Berkman ◽  
Denise De Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Lay People ◽  
Interdisciplinary Knowledge ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tacit Assumptions

The term self-control is broadly used by both researchers and lay people. However, both the term itself and the research on self-control is full of assumptions that are often unexamined and unchallenged. In this paper, we question many assertions and assumptions about self-control that foster confusion and controversy, including the multitude of processes encompassed by the varied uses of the term “self-control.” We describe how these assumptions have caused gaps in the empirical literature, impeded the development of an interdisciplinary knowledge base about self-control, and ultimately slowed scientific progress in this area. Critically, we also present a set of recommendations for conducting research on self-control that would be relevant across theories, areas of inquiry, and disciplines. By bringing these assumptions to light, future research can better focus on issues that are important and foundational but have been relatively neglected by the literature because of their implicit nature. This paper thus raises new avenues for research by highlighting what the field generally assumes but does not test directly.

scholarly journals Reported self-control is not meaningfully associated with inhibition-related executive function: A Bayesian analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair Saunders ◽  
Marina Milyavskaya ◽  
Alexander Etz ◽  
Daniel Randles ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Many

Self-control is assessed using a remarkable array of measures. In a series of five data-sets (overall N = 2,641) and a mini meta-analysis, we explored the association between canonical operationalisations of self-control: The Self-Control Scale and two measures of inhibition-related executive functioning (the Stroop and Flanker paradigms). Overall, Bayesian correlational analyses suggested little-to-no relationship between self-reported self-control and performance on the Stroop and Flanker tasks. The Bayesian meta-analytical summary of all five data-sets further favoured a null relationship between both types of measurement. These results suggest that the field’s most widely used measure of self-reported self-control is uncorrelated with two of the most widely adopted executive functioning measures of self-control. Consequently, theoretical and practical conclusions drawn using one measure (e.g., the Self-Control Scale) cannot be generalised to findings using the other (e.g., the Stroop task). The lack of empirical correlation between measures of self-control do not invalidate either measure, but instead suggest that treatments of the construct of self-control need to pay greater attention to convergent validity among the many measures used to operationalize self-control.

scholarly journals Response of One Man of Science to Humanae Vitae

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Clements ◽  
Mary D. Walsh ◽  
Paschal M. Corby
Keyword(s):  
Saint Paul ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Natural Family Planning ◽  
Humanae Vitae ◽  
Right Reason ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

The understanding of the full truth and beauty of the marital relationship has developed from a remedy for concupiscence (cf. 1 Cor 7:9) to “a sacrament of mutual sanctification and an act of worship” (St. John Paul II). With this development came a realization of the need to respond to the dilemma of couples who legitimately and responsibly wanted to avoid pregnancy but in fidelity to the Church’s consistent teaching against contraception. In the middle of the last century, Dr. John Billings undertook to assist in the quest to find a reliable means of preventing pregnancy, which was in accord with natural moral law. He was aided in this quest by his wife Dr. Evelyn Billings and the many couples who contributed to the research. Their discovery formed the basis of all modern methods of natural family planning. “[T]he difference, both anthropological and moral, between contraception and recourse to the rhythm of the cycle…is a difference which is much wider and deeper than is usually thought.…The choice of the natural rhythms involves accepting the cycle…and thereby accepting dialogue, reciprocal respect, shared responsibility and self-control.…In this context the couple comes to experience how conjugal communion is enriched with those values of tenderness and affection which constitute the inner soul of human sexuality, in its physical dimension also”. Nontechnical Summary: Pope Saint Paul VI's magnificent but much misunderstood encyclical “Humanae Vitae” called on men of science “to labour to explain more thoroughly the various conditions favouring a proper regulation of births.” To doctors he asked that they “persevere in promoting on every occasion the discovery of solutions inspired by faith and right reason”. Dr John Billings and his wife, Dr Evelyn Billings, devoted their lives to answering these calls which the Holy Father also made to them in person some years after he gave his encyclical to the Church.

A Narrative on the Toda and Its Problems

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-105
Author(s):  
Gunnel Cederlöf
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
The People ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Mountain Landscapes ◽  
The Nilgiris ◽  
The Many ◽  
Over Time

Chapter two enquires into the contrasting narratives of the Nilgiri landscape and the people inhabiting it. It discusses the projections of romantic and progressive ideals onto the mountain landscapes and the identification of these landscapes with familiar European environments in idealised tropes. By following the many ethnographic and anthropological studies of the Toda and the Badaga communities over time, the chapter enquires into the changing narratives, from romantic ideas about the ‘herders’ living in an organic relationship with nature to the perceived threat of wilderness in people lacking civilisation and self-control. This shift in the depiction of people and places in the Nilgiri Hills is discussed in view of increasingly utilitarian visions among the British administration for the transformation of the place into the British colonial economy and rule. Within this vision, the two communities that received the most attention—the Toda and the Badaga—were placed at opposite ends of development. Locating the discussion of the Nilgiris in the historiography of Adivasi communities in India, the chapter discusses how the Toda were deemed to belong to an undeveloped past and, up to the mid-19th century, the Badaga were seen as the entrepreneurial cultivator who would carry progress into agriculture.

scholarly journals Self-Control in Islam and its Psychological Aspect

2018 ◽  
pp. 16-36
Author(s):  
Dr. Farhat Naz Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Aspect ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Will Power ◽  
The Many

The idea of self control is getting captivated more and more by Psychologists but for quite a long time, psychology was inclined more towards the issues and ideas such as, self-esteem, intelligence, happiness etc. No doubt these ideas are important and have value in human life but the missing aspect from all these factors is will power or self-control. The basic teachings of Islam centered on the concept of self-control or in other word self-restraint. This study focuses on the essentials and the benefits of self-control in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah while discussing the psychological aspect of human life in this regard. At a time when the fallout from uncontrolled expenditure and uninhibited consumption is fueling a national malaise, the need of Islamic teachings arises to deliver a comprehensive investigation of the fundamental problem of our time: how to save ourselves from what we want or desire. This strike a chord that while more calories, sex, and intoxicants are easily accessible than ever before, critical social constraints have eroded, constructing a world that deeply tests the confines of human willpower. This study draws a vibrant image of the many-sided problem of desire and conveys a blueprint for how one can sensibly stay away from a battle of self-destruction by referring to history, literature, psychology and philosophy of Islam.

The Virtue of Honesty

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-126
Author(s):  
Robert C. Roberts ◽  
Ryan West
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Many

Honesty is two-handed: it encompasses both truthfulness and parts of justice, not as a haphazard assemblage, but more like two hands mutually coordinated—different, but essential to each other’s function. Honesty as truthfulness is more than a disposition to tell the truth; it is also a disposition to face and seek the truth, and essentially involves a circumspect concern for and sensitivity to the values of truth in the context of human life. Honesty as justice, too, is a propensity to both actions and emotions, consisting in an intelligent concern that justice be done (i.e., that people get what’s coming to them) in the areas of justice having to do with keeping agreements, complying with rules, and respecting others’ property. Given the many available motives for dishonesty, honesty is reliable only when it partners with other virtues like compassion, humility, self-control, and conscientiousness.

scholarly journals Learning from failures of protocol in cross-cultural research

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (45) ◽  
pp. 11428-11434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Hruschka ◽  
Shirajum Munira ◽  
Khaleda Jesmin ◽  
Joseph Hackman ◽  
Leonid Tiokhin
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Social Discounting ◽  
Social And Behavioral Science ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Refinement Process ◽  
The Many ◽  
Modes Of Interaction ◽  
Tacit Assumptions

The many tools that social and behavioral scientists use to gather data from their fellow humans have, in most cases, been honed on a rarefied subset of humanity: highly educated participants with unique capacities, experiences, motivations, and social expectations. Through this honing process, researchers have developed protocols that extract information from these participants with great efficiency. However, as researchers reach out to broader populations, it is unclear whether these highly refined protocols are robust to cultural differences in skills, motivations, and expected modes of social interaction. In this paper, we illustrate the kinds of mismatches that can arise when using these highly refined protocols with nontypical populations by describing our experience translating an apparently simple social discounting protocol to work in rural Bangladesh. Multiple rounds of piloting and revision revealed a number of tacit assumptions about how participants should perceive, understand, and respond to key elements of the protocol. These included facility with numbers, letters, abstract number lines, and 2D geometric shapes, and the treatment of decisions as a series of isolated events. Through on-the-ground observation and a collaborative refinement process, we developed a protocol that worked both in Bangladesh and among US college students. More systematic study of the process of adapting common protocols to new contexts will provide valuable information about the range of skills, motivations, and modes of interaction that participants bring to studies as we develop a more diverse and inclusive social and behavioral science.

The many measurements of self-control: How re-operationalized self-control compares

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney D. Gunter ◽  
Nicholas W. Bakken
Keyword(s):  
Self Control ◽  
The Many

scholarly journals Reported Self-control is not Meaningfully Associated with Inhibition-related Executive Function: A Bayesian Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair Saunders ◽  
Marina Milyavskaya ◽  
Alexander Etz ◽  
Daniel Randles ◽  
Michael Inzlicht
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Many

Self-control is assessed using a remarkable array of measures. In a series of five data-sets (overall N = 2,641) and a mini meta-analysis, we explored the association between canonical operationalisations of self-control: The Self-Control Scale and two measures of inhibition-related executive functioning (the Stroop and Flanker paradigms). Overall, Bayesian correlational analyses suggested little-to-no relationship between self-reported self-control and performance on the Stroop and Flanker tasks. The Bayesian meta-analytical summary of all five data-sets further favoured a null relationship between both types of measurement. These results suggest that the field’s most widely used measure of self-reported self-control is uncorrelated with two of the most widely adopted executive functioning measures of self-control. Consequently, theoretical and practical conclusions drawn using one measure (e.g., the Self-Control Scale) cannot be generalised to findings using the other (e.g., the Stroop task). The lack of empirical correlation between measures of self-control do not invalidate either measure, but instead suggest that treatments of the construct of self-control need to pay greater attention to convergent validity among the many measures used to operationalize self-control.

Identifying suboptimalities with factorial model comparison

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Ji Ma
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Factorial Model ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
The Many

AbstractGiven the many types of suboptimality in perception, I ask how one should test for multiple forms of suboptimality at the same time – or, more generally, how one should compare process models that can differ in any or all of the multiple components. In analogy to factorial experimental design, I advocate for factorial model comparison.

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