Subjective effects from the first cigarette of the day vary with precigarette affect in premenopausal female daily smokers.

IntroductionIn the USA, Food and Drug Administration regulations prohibit the sale of flavoured cigarettes, with menthol being the exception. However, the manufacture, advertisement and sale of flavoured cigar products are permitted. Such flavourings influence positive perceptions of tobacco products and are linked to increased use. Flavourings may mask the taste of tobacco and enhance smoke inhalation, influencing toxicant exposure and abuse liability among novice tobacco users. Using clinical laboratory methods, this study investigates how flavour availability affects measures of abuse liability in young adult cigarette smokers. The specific aims are to evaluate the effect of cigar flavours on nicotine exposure, and behavioural and subjective measures of abuse liability.Methods and analysesParticipants (projected n=25) are healthy smokers of five or more cigarettes per day over the past 3 months, 18–25 years old, naive to cigar use (lifetime use of 50 or fewer cigar products and no more than 10 cigars smoked in the past 30 days) and without a desire to quit cigarette smoking in the next 30 days. Participants complete five laboratory sessions in a Latin square design with either their own brand cigarette or a session-specific Black & Mild cigar differing in flavour (apple, cream, original and wine). Participants are single-blinded to cigar flavours. Each session consists of two 10-puff smoking bouts (30 s interpuff interval) separated by 1 hour. Primary outcomes include saliva nicotine concentration, behavioural economic task performance and response to various questionnaire items assessing subjective effects predictive of abuse liability. Differences in outcomes across own brand cigarette and flavoured cigar conditions will be tested using linear mixed models.Ethics and disseminationThe Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board approved the study (VCU IRB: HM20007848). Dissemination channels for study findings include scientific journals, scientific meetings, and policy briefs.Trial registration numberNCT02937051.

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341 Acute effects of seltorexant, a selective orexin-2 antagonist (JNJ- 42847922), on driving after bedtime administration

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A136-A136

Author(s):

S Brooks ◽

R G J A Zuiker ◽

G E Jacobs ◽

I Kezic ◽

A Savitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postural Stability ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Subjective Effects ◽

Driving Ability ◽

Post Dose ◽

Double Blind ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Subjective Sleepiness ◽

The Difference

Abstract Introduction Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922), a potent and selective antagonist of the human orexin-2 receptor, is being developed for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Seltorexant also has sleep-promoting properties. Investigating the effects of sleep-promoting medications on driving is important because some of these agents (e.g. GABAA receptor agonists) may be associated with increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. We evaluated the effect of seltorexant on driving after forced awakening at night, using a validated driving simulator. Methods This double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, randomized, 3-way cross-over study was conducted in 18 male and 18 female healthy subjects. All subjects received seltorexant 40 mg, zolpidem 10 mg, or placebo 15 minutes before bedtime. Eighteen subjects were awakened at 2- and 6-hours post-dose, and the other 18 at 4- and 8-hours post-dose. At those timepoints, pharmacokinetics, objective (standard deviation of the lateral position [SDLP]) and subjective effects (using Perceived Driving Quality and Effort Scales) on driving ability, postural stability and subjective sleepiness were assessed. Results For seltorexant, the SDLP difference from placebo (95% confidence interval) at 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-hours post-dose was 3.9 cm (1.26, 6.60), 0.9 cm (-1.08, 2.92), 1.1 cm (-0.42, 2.63), and 0.6 cm (-2.75, 1.55), respectively vs. 9.6 cm (6.97, 12.38), 6.6 cm (3.53, 9.60), 4.7 cm (1.46, 7.85), and 1.3cm (-1.16, 3.80), respectively for zolpidem. The difference from placebo was significant at 2-hours after taking seltorexant, while the difference from placebo was significant at 2, 4 and 6-hours after zolpidem. Subjective driving quality was decreased for both drugs at all time points and driving effort was increased up to 4-hours post-dose for both medications. Subjective sleepiness showed a significant increase compared to placebo 2- and 4-hours after administration of either drug. Postural stability was decreased up to 2-hours after administration of seltorexant, and up to 4-hours after administration of zolpidem. Conclusion Compared to zolpidem, objective effects on driving performance were more transient after seltorexant administration and largely normalized by 4–6 hours post-dose. Support (if any) This work was sponsored by Janssen R&D.

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Clonidine partially blocks the physiologic effects but not the subjective effects produced by smoking marijuana in male human subjects

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior ◽

10.1016/0091-3057(88)90035-4 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 649-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edward J. Cone ◽

Phyllis Welch ◽

W. Robert Lange

Keyword(s):

Human Subjects ◽

Subjective Effects ◽

Smoking Marijuana

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Subjective Effects of Inhaling Kuromoji Tea Aroma

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26030575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 575

Author(s):

Eri Matsubara ◽

Takeshi Morikawa ◽

Norihisa Kusumoto ◽

Koh Hashida ◽

Naoyuki Matsui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Core Body Temperature ◽

Subjective Effects ◽

Subjective Feeling ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Saliva Secretion ◽

Subjective Assessments ◽

Long Time ◽

Production Areas ◽

Core Body ◽

Deciduous Shrub

Teas and various herbal teas are well-known beverages and are commonly consumed around the world. In this study, we focused on kuromoji tea. Kuromoji is a deciduous shrub of the Lauraceae family, and the plucked leaves and branches have been drunk as a tea in production areas for a long time. However, no studies have investigated the subjective and physiological effects of kuromoji tea. In this study, the effects of kuromoji tea were examined on the basis of the measurements of heart rate variability and cerebral blood flow, core body temperature and subjective assessments. Moreover, the results of this study showed that a pleasant subjective feeling could be obtained by sniffing the aroma of kuromoji teas, especially tea leaves. It was also found that the aroma of kuromoji teas has the potential to stimulate saliva secretion and increase subjective and physiological excitements in the oral cavity. 1,8-Cineole, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, carvone and geraniol were determined in both kuromoji leaves and branches. In this study, the beneficial effects of kuromoji teas when drunk conventionally were investigated.

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Trauma in the correctional field and the correctional worker habitus

Incarceration ◽

10.1177/26326663211021727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 263266632110217

Author(s):

Laura McKendy ◽

Rose Ricciardelli ◽

Kate Konyk

Keyword(s):

Job Performance ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Subjective Effects ◽

Well Being ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Work Stressors ◽

The Social ◽

Emotional Insecurity ◽

Correctional Settings ◽

Key Aspects

Prisons and other correctional settings are spaces often marked by numerous sources of physical, psychological, and emotional insecurity. Researchers have consistently found correctional work to be associated with outcomes such as burnout, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Drawing on open-ended survey questions with correctional workers (CWs) in the province of Ontario, we first identify salient themes in discussions of work stressors and potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs); these include situations involving harm to prisoners, harm to staff, and harms associated with occupational and organizational culture. Next, employing the concept of “habitus,” we consider the social-subjective effects of exposure to PPTEs as revealed in respondent accounts. Key aspects include a disposition of hypervigilance, desensitization, disillusionment, and distrust. We suggest that the CW habitus may, in some ways, serve to mitigate threats in the work environment, though may have negative effects on job performance and well-being, and come to shape social experiences in everyday life.

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