Premonitory Urge for Tic Disorders Scale--German Version

Premonitory urges (PUs) are sensory phenomena that immediately precede tics. The Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) is widely used to assess the severity of PUs, but the psychometric properties of PUTS and clinical features of PU in Chinese patients with tic disorders are still unclear. In this study, we examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PUTS in a large sample (including 367 Chinese pediatric patients with tic disorders). We found no difference in PU in different age groups. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of PUTS showed the emergence of four primary factors. The results of reliability and validity analyses indicated that the Chinese version showed good psychometric properties. It seemed that PU was associated with the severity of obsession symptoms in patients with tic disorders. Network analysis showed that Item 7 is a critical node for the PU, in addition to Items 1 and 4. Overall, the Chinese version of PUTS can be used in Chinese child and adolescent patients with tic disorders, particularly for patients with Tourette syndrome.

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The Current Understanding of Premonitory Urge Phenomena in Chronic Tic Disorders

Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports ◽

10.1007/s40473-016-0099-9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 368-375

Author(s):

Jeremy M. Raines ◽

Matt W. Specht

Keyword(s):

Tic Disorders ◽

Current Understanding ◽

Chronic Tic Disorders ◽

Premonitory Urge

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Patterns and Predictors of Tic Suppressibility in Youth with Tic Disorders

10.1101/204933 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christine A. Conelea ◽

Brianna Wellen BA ◽

Douglas W. Woods ◽

Deanna J. Greene ◽

Kevin J. Black ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Variability ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Tic Disorder ◽

Individual Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Tic Suppression ◽

Premonitory Urge ◽

High Degree ◽

The Relationship ◽

Medication Status

AbstractBackground: Tic suppression is the primary target of tic disorder treatment, but factors that influence voluntary tic inhibition are not well understood. Several studies using the Tic Suppression Task have demonstrated significant inter-individual variability in tic suppressibility but have individually been underpowered to address correlates of tic suppression. The present study explored patterns and clinical correlates of tic suppression in youth with tic disorders using a large, pooled dataset.Methods: Individual-level data from 9 studies using the Tic Suppression Task were pooled, yielding a sample of 99 youth with tic disorders. Analyses examined patterns of tic suppressibility and the relationship between tic suppressibility and demographic and clinical characteristics.Results: A large majority of youth demonstrated a high degree of tic suppression, but heterogeneous patterns of tic suppressibility were also observed. Better tic suppressibility was related to older age and more frequent tics but unrelated to other clinical variables, including presence of psychiatric comorbidity, psychotropic medication status, and tic and premonitory urge severity.Conclusions: The mechanisms underlying the observed heterogeneity in tic suppressibility warrant further investigation. The Tic Suppression Task is a promising method for testing mechanistic hypotheses related to tic suppression.

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Relationships Between Premonitory Urge and Anxiety in Youth With Chronic Tic Disorders

Children s Health Care ◽

10.1080/02739615.2014.986328 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 235-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Michelle Rozenman ◽

Olivia E. Johnson ◽

Susanna W. Chang ◽

Douglas W. Woods ◽

John T. Walkup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tic Disorders ◽

Chronic Tic Disorders ◽

Premonitory Urge

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Repetitive throat clearing, blinking, and grimacing

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1093/med/9780197577479.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-42

Author(s):

Danielle Sipsock

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Interventions ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Interview ◽

Motor Movement ◽

Habit Reversal Therapy ◽

Severe Impairment ◽

Motor Tics ◽

One Year ◽

Premonitory Urge

Tourette’s disorder requires the presence of multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic that have been present for at least one year. A tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization. Tics are often associated with a premonitory urge and may be temporarily suppressed. They typically begin between the age of four and six years, peak in severity in early adolescence, and then diminish. The majority of individuals spontaneously achieve remission by early adulthood. Because tic disorders commonly co-occur with psychiatric disorders, they should be screened for in every psychiatric interview. Treatment should begin with psychoeducation and focus on symptom reduction rather than remission. Behavioral interventions, including habit reversal therapy, may be considered. Medications, such as antipsychotics and alpha2 adrenergic agonists, should be considered if tics cause severe impairment and are moderate to severe.

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Clinical Correlates of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults With Chronic Tic Disorder

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.619854 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

David A. Isaacs ◽

Heather R. Riordan ◽

Daniel O. Claassen

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Self Report ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Quality Of Life Scale ◽

Tic Severity ◽

Health Related ◽

Chronic Tic Disorders ◽

Premonitory Urge

Tics are the hallmark feature of Tourette syndrome (TS), but psychiatric and sensory symptoms are widely prevalent and increasingly recognized as core manifestations of the disorder. Accumulating evidence suggests that these psychiatric and sensory symptoms exert greater influence on quality of life (QOL) than tics themselves. However, much remains uncertain about determinants of QOL in TS due to the complexity of the clinical presentation. Here, we sought to clarify the association between health-related QOL (HRQOL) and common psychiatric and sensory symptoms in adults with TS and other chronic tic disorders. To do so, we prospectively recruited 52 patients from a tertiary care clinic to complete self-report measures assessing HRQOL (Gilles de la Tourette-Quality of Life Scale, GTS-QOL), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7, GAD-7), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, DOCS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms (Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5, ASRS-V), and premonitory urge (Premonitory Urge to Tic Scale, PUTS). All participants were also administered the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) to quantify tic severity. Using correlational analysis and multivariable linear regression modeling, we found that GTS-QOL score was significantly associated with scores from all other rating scales, with the exception of the PUTS. GTS-QOL was most strongly associated with PHQ-9, followed by ASRS-V, GAD-7, DOCS, and YGTSS total tic score. The regression model including these five independent variables, as well as sex, explained 79% of GTS-QOL score variance [F(6,40) = 29.6, p < 0.001]. Specific psychiatric symptoms differentially impacted physical, psychological, and cognitive HRQOL. Systematic assessment of psychiatric comorbidities is imperative for clinical care and clinical research efforts directed at improving QOL in adults with chronic tic disorders.

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Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): replication and extension of psychometric properties in youth with chronic tic disorders (CTDs)

Journal of Neural Transmission ◽

10.1007/s00702-017-1818-4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 125 (4) ◽

pp. 727-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jeremy M. Raines ◽

Kimberly R. Edwards ◽

Martin F. Sherman ◽

Christopher I. Higginson ◽

Joel B. Winnick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Chronic Tic Disorders ◽

Premonitory Urge

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Predictors of therapeutic treatment outcome in adolescent chronic tic disorders

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2019.56 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. B. Nissen ◽

E. T. Parner ◽

P. H. Thomsen

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Therapeutic Intervention ◽

Tic Disorders ◽

Individual Treatment ◽

Habit Reversal Training ◽

Tic Severity ◽

Chronic Tic Disorders ◽

Premonitory Urge

Background Chronic tic disorders may have a major impact on a child's function. A significant effect has been shown for combined habit reversal training (HRT) and exposure response prevention (ERP) treatment delivered in an individual and group setting. Aims The present study examines predictors and moderators of treatment outcome after an acute therapeutic intervention. Method Fifty-nine children and adolescents were randomised to manualised treatment combining HRT and ERP as individual or group training. Age, gender, baseline tic severity, Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) scores, Beliefs about Tic Scale (BATS) scores, hypersensitivity and comorbid psychiatric symptoms were analysed as predictors of outcome. The same characteristics were examined as moderators for individual versus group treatment. Outcome measures included the change in total tic severity (TTS) score and functional impairment score (as measured by the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS)). Results Internalising symptoms predicted a lesser decrease in functional impairment. The occurrence of obsessive–compulsive symptoms predicted a larger decrease in TTS. Baseline hypersensitivity and high scores on depressive symptoms favoured individual treatment. High baseline PUTS scores favoured group therapy. Conclusions This is the first study examining factors predicting and moderating perceived functional impairment following a therapeutic intervention. The study adds to the knowledge on predictors and moderators of TTS. Furthermore, this is the first study examining the effect of the BATS score. The study points towards factors that may influence treatment outcome and that require consideration when choosing supplemental treatment. This applies to comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms, and to the child's belief about their tics and premonitory urge. Declaration of interest None.

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