scholarly journals Intravascular Streaming and Variable Delivery to Brain following Carotid Artery Infusions in the Sprague-Dawley Rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Saris ◽  
Donald C. Wright ◽  
Edward H. Oldfield ◽  
Ronald G. Blasberg
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Intraarterial Infusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
The Brain

Intracarotid artery infusions in animals are commonly performed in studies of the blood–brain barrier and in chemotherapy trials. Implicit in the analysis of these experiments is that the infusate will be distributed to the territory of the internal carotid artery in a manner that is proportional to blood flow. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were studied to determine if poor infusate mixing with blood due to intravascular streaming occurred during intracarotid artery drug infusions and if it could be eliminated with fast retrograde infusion. In three experimental groups, a radiolabeled flow tracer—14C-iodoantipyrine (IAP)—was infused retrograde through the external carotid artery into the common carotid artery at slow, medium, and fast rates (0.45, 1.5, and 5.0 ml/min). In a control group, IAP was injected intravenously (i.v.). Local isotope concentrations in the brain were determined by quantitative autoradiography, and the variability of isotope delivery was assessed in the frontoparietal cortex, temporal cortex, and caudate putamen of all animals. Streaming phenomena were manifest in all selected anatomic areas after the slow and medium rates of intraarterial infusion. After fast intracarotid infusion or i.v. injection, there was uniform distribution of isotope in the same brain regions.

Comparative neuroprotective efficacy of prolonged moderate intraischemic and postischemic hypothermia in focal cerebral ischemia

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pil W. Huh ◽  
Ludmila Belayev ◽  
Weizhao Zhao ◽  
Sebastian Koch ◽  
Raul Busto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Mca Occlusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Neurological Score ◽  
High Degree

Object The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of prolonged hypothermia on ischemic injury in a highly reproducible model of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to 120 minutes of temporary MCA occlusion by retrograde insertion of an intraluminal nylon suture coated with poly-L-lysine through the external carotid artery into the internal carotid artery and the MCA. Two levels of prolonged postischemic cranial hypothermia (32°C and 27°C), and one level of intraischemic cranial hypothermia (32°C) were compared with the ischemic normothermia (37°C) condition. Target cranial temperatures were maintained for 3 hours and then gradually restored to 35°C over an additional 2-hour period. The animals were evaluated using a quantitative neurobehavioral battery of tests before inducing MCA occlusion, during occlusion (at 60 minutes postonset in all rats except those in the intraischemic hypothermia group), and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after reperfusion. The rat brains were perfusion fixed at 72 hours after ischemia and infarct volumes and brain edema were determined. Both intraischemic and postischemic cooling to 32°C led to similar significant reductions in cortical infarct volume (by 89 and 88%, respectively) and total infarct volume (by 54 and 69%, respectively), whereas postischemic cooling to 27°C produced lesser reductions (64 and 49%, respectively), which were not statistically significant. All three hypothermic regimens significantly lessened hemispheric swelling and improved the neurological score at 24 hours. Our data confirm that a high degree of histological neuroprotection is conferred by postischemic cooling to 32°C, which is virtually equivalent to that observed with intraischemic cooling to the same level. Conclusions These results may be relevant to the design of future clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Chronic Hepatitis in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengping Huang ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Jian Shu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Pathological Stages ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly used for detecting white matter fiber in the brain. From this, DTI has been applied to assess fiber in liver disorders by prior studies. But non-sufficient data has been obtained if DTI could be used for exactly staging chronic hepatitis. This study is to assess the value of DTI for staging of liver fibrosis (F), necroinflammatory activity (A), and steatosis (S) of chronic hepatitis in rats. Methods Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control group(n = 10) and experimental group(n = 60). The rat models of chronic hepatitis were established by abdominal subcutaneous injections of 40% CCl4. All rats underwent 3.0T MRI. ROIs were placed on DTI to estimate MR parameters (rADC value and FA value). Histopathology was the reference standard. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between MR parameters and pathology. The differences in rADC value and FA value among pathological stages were evaluated by MANOVA or ANOVA. LSD was used to test the differences between each two groups. ROC analysis was performed. Results The numbers of each pathology were as follows: F0(n = 15), F1(n = 11), F2(n = 6), F3(n = 9), F4(n = 6); A0(n = 8), A1(n = 16), A2(n = 16), A3(n = 7); S0(n = 10), S1(n = 7), S2(n = 3), S3(n = 11), S4(n = 16). The rADC value had a negative correlation with liver fibrosis (r=-0.392, P = 0.008) and inflammation (r=-0.359, P = 0.015). FA value had a positive correlation with fibrosis (r = 0.409, P = 0.005). Significant differences were found in FA value between F4 and F0 ~ F3 (P = 0.03), while no significant differences among F0 ~ F3 were found (P > 0.05). AUC of FA value in differentiating F4 from F0 ~ F3 was 0.909(p < 0.001) with 83.3% Sensitivity, 85.4% specificity when the FA value was at the cut-off of 588.089(× 10− 6mm2/s). Conclusion FA value for DTI can distinguish early cirrhosis from normal, mild and moderate liver fibrosis.

Sonography of a Carotid Body Tumor: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-505
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Nevle
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Vascular Tumor ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Body Tumor ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Benign Mass

A carotid body tumor is typically a benign mass and can have a low malignant potential. It can grow in between, attach to, or surround the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery in the neck. If this mass grows too big, it can compress the two arteries, causing problems in getting blood flow to the brain. The purpose for this sonography examination was to evaluate a patient with the following symptoms: dizziness, facial nerve injury, and sensorineural hearing loss. The carotid body tumor is a highly vascular tumor. This sonography examination provides a good opportunity to teach the importance of the use of color Doppler and proper documentation of this pathology that is often incorrectly documented with improper settings. This case reviews a 69-year-old Caucasian male with a carotid body tumor. The sonographic features, prevalence, common symptoms, prognosis, and treatments of the carotid body tumor are reviewed.

scholarly journals Intravascular Endothelin-1 does not trigger or increase susceptibility to Spreading Depolarizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Sugimoto ◽  
Andreia Morais ◽  
Homa Sadeghian ◽  
Tao Qin ◽  
David Y. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potent Vasoconstrictor

Abstract Objectives Spreading depolarizations (SD) likely manifest as aura in migraineurs. Triggers are unknown although vascular events have been implicated. Direct carotid puncture has been reported to trigger migraine with aura. The potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1), which can be released from the endothelium under pathological conditions, may play a role. Here, we tested whether intracarotid ET-1 infusion triggers SD and whether systemic ET-1 infusion increases the susceptibility to SD. Methods Carotid infusions were performed in mice (C57BL/6, male) through a catheter placed at the carotid bifurcation via the external carotid artery. Intracarotid ET-1 (1.25 nmol/ml) was infused at various rates (2–16 μl/min) with or without heparin in the catheter and compared with vehicle infusion (PBS with 0.01% acetic acid) or sham-operated mice (n = 5). Systemic infusions ET-1 (1 nmol/kg, n = 7) or vehicle (n = 7) infusions were performed in rats (Sprague-Dawley, male) via the tail vein. Electrical SD threshold and KCl-induced SD frequency were measured after the infusion. Results Intracarotid infusion of saline (n = 19), vehicle (n = 7) or ET-1 (n = 12) all triggered SDs at various proportions (21%, 14% and 50%, respectively). These were often associated with severe hypoperfusion prior to SD onset. Heparinizing the infusion catheter completely prevented SD occurrence during the infusions (n = 8), implicating microembolization from carotid thrombi as the trigger. Sham-operated mice never developed SD. Systemic infusion of ET-1 did not affect the electrical SD threshold or KCl-induced SD frequency. Conclusion Intravascular ET-1 does not trigger or increase susceptibility to SD. Microembolization was the likely trigger for migraine auras in patients during carotid puncture.

scholarly journals Interaction of Manganese and Ammonia in the Brain of Hepatic Encephalopathy Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Lu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Cui Zhang ◽  
Xiuying Yang ◽  
Jin Wei Qiang
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Ammonia ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Brain

Background: Both ammonia and manganese (Mn) play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and cause similar morphological and functional changes in astrocytes. Objectives: To investigate the interaction between brain Mn and ammonia in HE rats. Methods: Three rat models of minimal HE (MHE), chronic manganism (CHM), and chronic hyperammonemia (CHA) were constructed. A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into one control group (n = 6), MHE groups (n = 18, among which six rats were used to evaluate the MHE model), CHM groups (n = 12), and CHA groups (n = 12). The CHM, CHA, and the rest of MHE rats were randomly divided further into two subgroups, according to the MgSO4 treatment (oral administration of 496 mg/kg/day for seven weeks): MHE-7W and MHE + Mg-7W; CHM-7W and CHM + Mg-7W; and CHA-7W and CHA + Mg-7W, respectively. Rats’ blood ammonia, brain Mn, glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine (GLN) levels were measured and compared among groups. Results: Significantly higher brain Mn content in MHE-7W and CHM-7W rats, higher blood ammonia levels, brain GS activity, and GLN content were observed in MHE-7W, CHM-7W, and CHA-7W rats than in control rats. After MgSO4 treatment for seven weeks, significantly lower brain Mn content, blood ammonia levels, and GLN content were observed in MHE, CHM, and CHA rats. Conclusions: Our study showed that brain Mn accumulation could increase brain ammonia levels, while the accumulation of brain ammonia had no effect on the content of brain Mn.

scholarly journals Effects of tiletamine-xylazine-tramadol combination and its specific antagonist on AMPK in the brain of rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Hong-bin Wang ◽  
Li Gao ◽  
Jian-hua Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Antagonist ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIntroduction:Tiletamine-xylazine-tramadol (XFM) has few side effects and can provide good sedation and analgesia. Adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can attenuate trigeminal neuralgia. The study aimed to investigate the effects of XFM and its specific antagonist on AMPK in different regions of the brain.Material and Methods:A model of XFM in the rat was established. A total of 72 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three equally sized groups: XFM anaesthesia (M group), antagonist (W group), and XFM with antagonist interactive groups (MW group). Eighteen SD rats were in the control group and were injected intraperitoneally with saline (C group). The rats were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, thalamus, and brain stem were immediately separated, in order to detect AMPKα mRNA expression by quantitative PCR.Results:XFM was able to increase the mRNA expression of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 in all brain regions, and the antagonist caused the opposite effect, although the effects of XFM could not be completely reversed in some areas.Conclusion:XFM can influence the expression of AMPK in the central nervous system of the rat, which can provide a reference for the future development of anaesthetics for animals.

Experimental investigation of encephalomyosynangiosis using gyrencephalic brain of the miniature pig: histopathological evaluation of dynamic reconstruction of vessels for functional anastomosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsunobu Nakamura ◽  
Hideaki Imai ◽  
Kenjiro Konno ◽  
Chisato Kubota ◽  
Koji Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Miniature Pig ◽  
Temporal Muscle

Object Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is a surgical treatment for moyamoya disease that is widely used to provide increased intracranial blood flow via revascularization by arterial anastomosis from the external carotid artery. However, the angiogenic mechanism responsible for the revascularization induced by EMS has not been systematically evaluated. In this study the authors investigated the chronological angiogenic changes associated with EMS to clarify the favorable factors and identify revascularization mechanisms by using an experimental internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO) model in the miniature pig. Methods Fourteen miniature pigs were used, 11 of which underwent ICAO before transcranial surgery for EMS was performed. Animals were allowed to recover for 1 week (4 pigs) or 4 weeks (7 pigs) after EMS. Control group animals were treated in the same way, but without occlusion (3 pigs). Magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, and histological investigation were performed. Results One week after EMS, on histological examination of both the ICAO and control groups it was found that the transplanted temporal muscle had adhered to the arachnoid via a granulation zone, which was enriched with immune cells such as macrophages associated with the angiogenic process. Four weeks after EMS, angiography and histological examination of the ICAO group showed patent anastomoses between the external carotid artery and the cortical arteries without any detectable boundary between the temporal muscle and the cerebral cortex. In contrast, histological examination of the control group found scar tissue between the cerebral cortex and temporal muscle. Conclusions The initial step for formation of anastomoses resembles the process of wound healing associated with repair processes such as active proliferation of macrophages and angiogenesis within the new connective tissue. Functional revascularization requires a suitable environment (such as tissue containing vascular beds) and stimulus (such as ischemia) to induce vascular expansion.

Incidental identification of the aberrant origin of left vertebral artery using magnetic resonance angiography: A case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Forough Sodaei ◽  
◽  
Vahid Shahmaei ◽  
Maryam Noroozian ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Angiography ◽  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Left Vertebral Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Vertebral Arteries ◽  
The Brain

Background: The vertebral arteries originate from the root of the neck as the first branches of the subclavian arteries. Variations of vertebral arteries are congenital anomalies occurring during embryonic development. Anatomic variations of the left vertebral artery are clinically symptomless and recognized incidentally during angiographic assessments or imaging techniques so the diagnosis of these anomalies is a serious challenge. Anomalous origin of vertebral arteries may lead to neurologic disorders. It is, thus, important to identify variations of the large vessels of the aortic arch when planning neck and cervical spine interventions and diagnostic radiology. For this reason, we would like to present this rare case of left vertebral artery showing a different origin. Case report: In this work, we describe a 60-year-old female patient with headache, lethargy and blurred vision. We employed magnetic resonance angiography for both the brain and neck. There was no lesion in the brain. Incidentally, we found that the root of the left vertebral artery was anatomically aberrant. The left vertebral artery arose from the nearest section of the left external carotid artery, next to the bifurcation of the left common carotid artery, which is a rare variation. Conclusion: Understanding the state of anomalous variations of the origin of the vertebral artery might have crucial implications in angiographic and surgical procedures. It is beneficial to perform more screening with noninvasive studies like neck magnetic resonance angiography in clinical cases with potential symptoms coexisting with other diseases in order to predict possible future problems in intracranial and extracranial interventions. Keywords: Vertebral artery; external carotid artery; anatomic variation; magnetic resonance angiography.

Role of neuronal nitric oxide in methamphetamine neurotoxicity and protection by nNOS inhibitor

2000 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Desaiah ◽  
S. L. N. Reddy ◽  
S. Z. Imam ◽  
S. F. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Selective Inhibitor ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Catecholaminergic System ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
The Brain

Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant known to produce neurotoxicity. The dopaminergic pathway is particularly sensitive to METH. Recent studies showed that 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), provided protection against METH neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. The present studies were conducted to determine the nNOS activity in various regions of the brain of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with different doses of METH. Rats were injected ip with 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg and 24 h after the rats were sacrificed and the brain regions (hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum) were quickly dissected. The cytosolic fractions were prepared, and the nNOS activity was determined using the 3H-citrulline assay. The results showed that nNOS activity was significantly increased in all three brain regions of rats treated with METH. The increase was dose dependent reaching a maximum of 40-100% over the control values. Rats treated with 7NI 30 min prior to METH injection provided protection against the toxicity and also showed a reduction of nNOS activity. The activation of nNOS is known to increase the synthesis of NO which is involved in the regulation of several neurotransmitter pathways including catecholaminergic system. Reducing the METH-induced production of NO by pretreatment with selective inhibitor of nNOS, 7-NI, provided protection against METH neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals 3-nitrotyrosine levels in dichlorvos-induced neurotoxicity

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilek Guvenç ◽  
Abdurrahman Aksoy ◽  
Yavuz Kursad ◽  
Enes Atmaca ◽  
Oguzhan Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Photodiode Array Detector ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Brain

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate dichlorvos toxicity in terms of nitro-oxidative stress by determining 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in the fore, mid, and hindbrain regions in acutely exposed rats. Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three groups of eight. Group 1 was administered a single intraperitoneal dichlorvos dose of 1.8 mg kg-1 (0.1xLD50) and group 2 a dose of 9 mg kg-1 (0.5xLD50). The control group received 0.5 mL saline solution via the same route. 3-NT and tyrosine (TYR) levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and expressed as a ratio of 3-NT to TYR. The 3-NT/1000 TYR ratios increased significantly in the fore-, mid- and hindbrains of the exposed groups compared to control (p<0.01). In the forebrain, the increase was also significant between the treated groups. Our study has confirmed that acute exposure to dichlorvos leads to nitro-oxidative stress in the brain and that 3-NT may play a role in the mechanism of dichlorvos neurotoxicity.

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