scholarly journals Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: A Focused Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1699-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Marc Simard ◽  
S Kyoon Woo ◽  
Gary T Schwartzbauer ◽  
Volodymyr Gerzanich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Necrotic Cell Death ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor ◽  
Necrotic Cell ◽  
Secondary Hemorrhage ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor 1

The sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1)-regulated NCCa-ATP channel is a nonselective cation channel that is regulated by intracellular calcium and adenosine triphosphate. The channel is not constitutively expressed, but is transcriptionally upregulated de novo in all cells of the neurovascular unit, in many forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The channel is linked to microvascular dysfunction that manifests as edema formation and delayed secondary hemorrhage. Also implicated in oncotic cell swelling and oncotic (necrotic) cell death, the channel is a major molecular mechanism of ‘accidental necrotic cell death’ in the CNS. In animal models of SCI, pharmacological inhibition of Sur1 by glibenclamide, as well as gene suppression of Abcc8, prevents delayed capillary fragmentation and tissue necrosis. In models of stroke and TBI, glibenclamide ameliorates edema, secondary hemorrhage, and tissue damage. In a model of SAH, glibenclamide attenuates the inflammatory response due to extravasated blood. Clinical trials of an intravenous formulation of glibenclamide in TBI and stroke underscore the importance of recent advances in understanding the role of the Sur1-regulated NCCa-ATP channel in acute ischemic, traumatic, and inflammatory injury to the CNS.

scholarly journals Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: An Updated Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11899
Author(s):  
Ruchira M. Jha ◽  
Anupama Rani ◽  
Shashvat M. Desai ◽  
Sudhanshu Raikwar ◽  
Sandra Mihaljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor 1

Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily, encoded by Abcc8, and is recognized as a key mediator of central nervous system (CNS) cellular swelling via the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel. Discovered approximately 20 years ago, this channel is normally absent in the CNS but is transcriptionally upregulated after CNS injury. A comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and role of SUR1 in the CNS was published in 2012. Since then, the breadth and depth of understanding of the involvement of this channel in secondary injury has undergone exponential growth: SUR1-TRPM4 inhibition has been shown to decrease cerebral edema and hemorrhage progression in multiple preclinical models as well as in early clinical studies across a range of CNS diseases including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, neuromalignancies, pain, liver failure, status epilepticus, retinopathies and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Given these substantial developments, combined with the timeliness of ongoing clinical trials of SUR1 inhibition, now, another decade later, we review advances pertaining to SUR1-TRPM4 pathobiology in this spectrum of CNS disease—providing an overview of the journey from patch-clamp experiments to phase III trials.

scholarly journals Role of NETosis in Central Nervous System Injury

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yituo Chen ◽  
Haojie Zhang ◽  
Xinli Hu ◽  
Wanta Cai ◽  
Wenfei Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Cord Injury

Central nervous system (CNS) injury is divided into brain injury and spinal cord injury and remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous reviews have defined numerous inflammatory cells involved in this process. In the human body, neutrophils comprise the largest numbers of myeloid leukocytes. Activated neutrophils release extracellular web-like DNA amended with antimicrobial proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The formation of NETs was demonstrated as a new method of cell death called NETosis. As the first line of defence against injury, neutrophils mediate a variety of adverse reactions in the early stage, and we consider that NETs may be the prominent mediators of CNS injury. Therefore, exploring the specific role of NETs in CNS injury may help us shed some light on early changes in the disease. Simultaneously, we discovered that there is a link between NETosis and other cell death pathways by browsing other research, which is helpful for us to establish crossroads between known cell death pathways. Currently, there is a large amount of research concerning NETosis in various diseases, but the role of NETosis in CNS injury remains unknown. Therefore, this review will introduce the role of NETosis in CNS injury, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischaemia, CNS infection, Alzheimer’s disease, and spinal cord injury, by describing the mechanism of NETosis, the evidence of NETosis in CNS injury, and the link between NETosis and other cell death pathways. Furthermore, we also discuss some agents that inhibit NETosis as therapies to alleviate the severity of CNS injury. NETosis may be a potential target for the treatment of CNS injury, so exploring NETosis provides a feasible therapeutic option for CNS injury in the future.

scholarly journals Cell Death Induction and Protection by Activation of Ubiquitously Expressed Anion/Cation Channels. Part 1: Roles of VSOR/VRAC in Cell Volume Regulation, Release of Double-Edged Signals and Apoptotic/Necrotic Cell Death

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunobu Okada ◽  
Ravshan Z. Sabirov ◽  
Kaori Sato-Numata ◽  
Tomohiro Numata
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Cell Volume Regulation ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Necrotic Cell Death ◽  
Anion Channels ◽  
Necrotic Cell ◽  
Regulated Necrosis

Cell volume regulation (CVR) is essential for survival and functions of animal cells. Actually, normotonic cell shrinkage and swelling are coupled to apoptotic and necrotic cell death and thus called the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) and the necrotic volume increase (NVI), respectively. A number of ubiquitously expressed anion and cation channels are involved not only in CVD but also in cell death induction. This series of review articles address the question how cell death is induced or protected with using ubiquitously expressed ion channels such as swelling-activated anion channels, acid-activated anion channels and several types of TRP cation channels including TRPM2 and TRPM7. The Part 1 focuses on the roles of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channels (VSOR), also called the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), which is activated by cell swelling or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a manner dependent on intracellular ATP. First we describe phenotypical properties, the molecular identity, and physical pore dimensions of VSOR/VRAC. Second, we highlight the roles of VSOR/VRAC in the release of organic signaling molecules, such as glutamate, glutathione, ATP and cGAMP, that play roles as double-edged swords in cell survival. Third, we discuss how VSOR/VRAC is involved in CVR and cell volume dysregulation as well as in the induction of or protection from apoptosis, necrosis and regulated necrosis under pathophysiological conditions.

Oleanolic acid rich solubilized triterpene extracts from mistletoe induce apoptotic and necrotic cell death of murine B16. F10 melanoma cells

Planta Medica ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Strüh ◽  
S Jäger ◽  
CM Schempp ◽  
T Jakob ◽  
A Scheffler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Necrotic Cell Death ◽  
Necrotic Cell

Further studies on free-radical pathology in the major central nervous system disorders: effect of very high doses of methylprednisolone on the functional outcome, morphology, and chemistry of experimental spinal cord impact injury

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1415-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Demopoulos ◽  
E. S. Flamm ◽  
M. L. Seligman ◽  
D. D. Pietronigro ◽  
J. Tomasula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Functional Restoration ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Free Radical Reactions ◽  
Cord Injury

The hypothesis that pathologic free-radical reactions are initiated and catalyzed in the major central nervous system (CNS) disorders has been further supported by the current acute spinal cord injury work that has demonstrated the appearance of specific, cholesterol free-radical oxidation products. The significance of these products is suggested by the fact that: (i) they increase with time after injury; (ii) their production is curtailed with a steroidal antioxidant; (iii) high antioxidant doses of the steroidal antioxidant which curtail the development of free-radical product prevent tissue degeneration and permit functional restoration. The role of pathologic free-radical reactions is also inferred from the loss of ascorbic acid, a principal CNS antioxidant, and of extractable cholesterol. These losses are also prevented by the steroidal antioxidant. This model system is among others in the CNS which offer distinctive opportunities to study, in vivo, the onset and progression of membrane damaging free-radical reactions within well-defined parameters of time, extent of tissue injury, correlation with changes in membrane enzymes, and correlation with readily measurable in vivo functions.

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