The impact of rising food prices on obesity in women: a longitudinal analysis of 31 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2014

This chapter describes the adverse impact of social injustice on environmental health. Environmental pollution is a social injustice for all people, with a disproportionate impact on low- and middle-income countries and, within countries, low-income people, minority groups, and other marginalized populations. The chapter describes the evolution of the environmental justice movement and the studies that have demonstrated disproportionate exposures and the disproportionate occurrence of pollution-related diseases among low-income people, minority groups, and other marginalized populations. A separate section describes the environmental and health consequences of global climate change. Three text boxes focus on childhood lead poisoning, the impact of natural disasters on social justice, and on the new interdiscipilinary field of planetary health.

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Older People, Mobility and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review of the Research

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11216157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 6157 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mark Gorman ◽

Sion Jones ◽

Jeffrey Turner

Keyword(s):

Older People ◽

Low Income ◽

Well Being ◽

The State ◽

Small Scale ◽

Knowledge Gaps ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

Low And Middle Income

Older populations are rising globally, which in high-income countries has helped to generate a growing literature on the impact of ageing on travel requirements and transport policy. This article aims to provide an initial assessment of the state of knowledge on the impact on transportation policy and usage of the increasing numbers of older people in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs), through a review of the literature relating to older people and transportation. As both the academic and policy/practice-related literature specifically addressing ageing and transport in LAMICs is limited, the study looks beyond transportation to assess the state of knowledge regarding the ways in which older people’s mobility is affected by issues, such as health, well-being, social (dis)engagement and gender. We find significant knowledge gaps, resulting in an evidence base to support the implementation of policy is lacking. Most research in low-income countries (LICs) is either broad quantitative analysis based on national survey data or small-scale qualitative studies. We conclude that, although study of the differing contexts of ageing in LAMICs as they relate to older people’s mobilities and transport use has barely begun, institutions which both make and influence policymaking recognise the existence of significant knowledge gaps. This should provide the context in which research agendas can be established.

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The Impact of Various Mode of Financings in Reducing Inequality in Various Groups of Countries

Journal of Finance and Islamic Banking ◽

10.22515/jfib.v3i2.2931 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 25-43

Author(s):

Irma Yuliani ◽

Muhammad Abdul Rohman

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Low Income ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Islamic Banks ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Islamic Bank ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect

The existence of Islamic bank not always provide positive impact to the real sector of economy. Declining inequality is one of the expected significant impacts with appyling mode of financing as instrument to relize that. This study aims to investigate the impact of mode of financing was applied by Islamic bank to reduce inequality among countries of IsDB Group. World bank data and IDB data of Islamic banks are employed as samples from 1977 to 2018. The results show that equity and leasing have a positive effect and significant to reduce inequality for low income countries, where the leasing or ijarah have the most effective impact than all. In addition, instalment sale of financing has a significant impact to reduce inequality for middle-income countries, loan is being the only significant mode of financing to reduce inequality in all IDB countries. Unfortunately, Mudharabah, PLS (profit and loss sharing), Murabahan and Istishna have not significantly impact to reduce inequality

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On the determinants of trade openness in low- and lower–middle-income countries in Africa: how important is economic growth?

Future Business Journal ◽

10.1186/s43093-019-0002-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dennis Boahene Osei ◽

Yakubu Awudu Sare ◽

Muazu Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Low Income ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Generalized Method Of Moments ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Special Focus ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Real Gdp Per Capita ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe existing literature highlights the determinants of trade openness with disregard to the income classifications of countries in examining whether the determinants differ given their income levels. This study, therefore, re-examines the drivers of trade openness in Africa relying on panel data with special focus on the role of economic growth. More specifically, we perform a comparative analysis of the factors influencing trade openness for low-income and lower–middle-income countries using the system generalized method of moments. Our findings suggest that, while economic growth robustly enhances openness in low-income countries, in the case of lower–middle-income countries, the impact is not robust and largely negative suggesting that higher growth is associated with less openness. We also find that, economic growth–openness nexus for the lower-income countries exhibits non-linearities and inverted U-shaped relationship in particular. Thus, while increases in real GDP per capita enhance openness, beyond an estimated threshold point, any increases in economic growth dampen openness. We discuss key implications for policy.

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The impact of physician migration on mortality in low and middle-income countries: an economic modelling study

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001535 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e001535

Author(s):

Saurabh Saluja ◽

Niclas Rudolfson ◽

Benjamin Ballard Massenburg ◽

John G Meara ◽

Mark G Shrime

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

National Income ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

Economic Modelling ◽

Middle Income ◽

Physician Migration ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

Low And Middle Income

BackgroundThe WHO estimates a global shortage of 2.8 million physicians, with severe deficiencies especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). The unequitable distribution of physicians worldwide is further exacerbated by the migration of physicians from LMICs to high-income countries (HIC). This large-scale migration has numerous economic consequences which include increased mortality associated with inadequate physician supply in LMICs.MethodsWe estimate the economic cost for LMICs due to excess mortality associated with physician migration. To do so, we use the concept of a value of statistical life and marginal mortality benefit provided by physicians. Uncertainty of our estimates is evaluated with Monte Carlo analysis.ResultsWe estimate that LMICs lose US$15.86 billion (95% CI $3.4 to $38.2) annually due to physician migration to HICs. The greatest total costs are incurred by India, Nigeria, Pakistan and South Africa. When these costs are considered as a per cent of gross national income, the cost is greatest in the WHO African region and in low-income countries.ConclusionThe movement of physicians from lower to higher income settings has substantial economic consequences. These are not simply the result of the movement of human capital, but also due to excess mortality associated with loss of physicians. Valuing these costs can inform international and domestic policy discussions that are meant to address this issue.

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More than poverty

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025416648231 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 536-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Theodore D. Wachs ◽

Santiago Cueto ◽

Haogen Yao

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cumulative Risk ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Data Set ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Developmental Risks ◽

The Impact ◽

Low And Middle Income

Studies from both high and low-middle income (LAMI) countries have documented how being reared in poverty is linked to compromised child development. Links between poverty and development are mediated by the timing and extent of exposure to both risk factors nested under poverty and to protective influences which can attenuate the impact of risk. While children from high-, middle-, and low-income countries are exposed to similar types of developmental risks, children from low- and middle-income countries are exposed to a greater number, more varied and more intense risks. Given these contextual differences, cumulative risk models may provide a better fit than mediated models for understanding the nature of pathways linking economic insufficiency and developmental inequality in low- and middle-income countries, and for designing interventions to promote development of children from these countries. New evidence from a large scale UNICEF data set illustrates the application of a cumulative risk/protective perspective in low- and middle-income countries.

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Market Access of OECD Donor Countries and Their Supply of Aid for Trade

Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy ◽

10.1142/s1793993316500046 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 07 (01) ◽

pp. 1650004 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sèna Kimm Gnangnon

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Market Access ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Tariff Liberalization ◽

Aid For Trade ◽

The Impact ◽

Bilateral Donor

This paper assesses the impact of the tariffs faced by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) donors’ exports on their supply of Aid for Trade (AfT). The analysis is conducted on the basis of both a donor/year framework and a bilateral donor–recipient framework over the period 2002–2009. Results suggest that donors as a whole could reduce AfT budget supply when they face higher tariffs on their exports. However, low-income and lower-middle-income countries appear to be protected by donors from AfT decline, even if they impose higher tariffs on donors’ exports. Further multilateral tariff liberalization would certainly be conducive to higher AfT.

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus Profile

International Journal of Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.15342/ijms.v2i1.68 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 11-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hatim Kouismi ◽

Sanae Hammi ◽

Khalid Bouti ◽

Aziza Rhanim ◽

Khaoula El Ataouna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Male Patients ◽

The Impact

Background : About 95% of patients with tuberculosis (TB) and 70% of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) live in low and middle-income countries. As a result, DM and TB are increasingly occurring together. The risk of tuberculosis is two to five times greater in patients with diabetes.The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with diabetes and to evaluate the impact of tuberculosis on diabetes control. Patients and Methods : This is a retrospective study of 80 patients with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis, comparing 30 patients with diabetes with 50 without diabetes. Results : Diabetes was more frequent in older patients with tuberculosis and in male patients. 63,3% had type 2 diabetes. Tuberculosis symptoms did not differ between the two groups. Involvement of basal segments of the lower lobes and cavitation occurred more frequently in patients with diabetes, but this difference was not significant. The time for conversion to negative of sputum culture was longer in control patients (44,1 ± 20,2 days) than in case (36 ± 18.3) (p = 0.08). Conclusion : Tuberculosis is frequently associated with diabetes mainly in low-income countries. The problem with this association could be accentuated in the future

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How many infants may have died in low-income and middle-income countries in 2020 due to the economic contraction accompanying the COVID-19 pandemic? Mortality projections based on forecasted declines in economic growth

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050551 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e050551

Author(s):

Gil Shapira ◽

Damien de Walque ◽

Jed Friedman

Keyword(s):

Infant Mortality ◽

Health Services ◽

Low Income ◽

Infant Mortality Rate ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Income Shocks ◽

Middle Income ◽

Infant Deaths ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

The Impact

ObjectivesWhile COVID-19 has a relatively small direct impact on infant mortality, the pandemic is expected to indirectly increase mortality of this vulnerable group in low-income and middle-income countries through its effects on the economy and health system performance. Previous studies projected indirect mortality by modelling how hypothesised disruptions in health services will affect health outcomes. We provide alternative projections, relying on modelling the relationship between aggregate income shocks and mortality.DesignWe construct a sample of 5.2 million births by pooling retrospective birth histories reported by women in Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 83 low-income and middle-income countries between 1985 and 2018. We employ regression models with country-specific fixed-effects and flexible time trends to estimate the impact of gross domestic product per capita on infant mortality rate. We then use growth projections by the International Monetary Fund to predict the effect of the economic downturn in 2020 on infant mortality.ResultsWe estimate 267 208 (95% CI 112 000 to 422 415) excess infant deaths in 128 countries, corresponding to a 6.8% (95% CI 2.8% to 10.7%) increase in the total number of infant deaths expected in 2020.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the vulnerability of infants to the negative income shocks such as those imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. While efforts towards prevention and treatment of COVID-19 remain paramount, the global community should also strengthen social safety nets and assure continuity of essential health services.

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Measuring excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in low- and lower-middle income countries: the need for mobile phone surveys

10.31235/osf.io/4bu3q ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vissého Adjiwanou ◽

Nurul Alam ◽

Leontine Alkema ◽

Gershim Asiki ◽

Ayaga Bawah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mobile Phone ◽

Low Income ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Middle Income ◽

Civil Registration ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Data Gap ◽

The Impact

In low income and lower-middle income countries, data from civil registration systems do not allow monitoring excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid mobile phone surveys aimed at measuring mortality trends on a monthly basis are a realistic and safe option for filling that data gap. The data generated by mobile phone surveys can play a key role in better targeting areas or population groups most affected by the pandemic. They can also help monitor the impact of interventions and programs, and rapidly identify what works in mitigating the impact of COVID-19.

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