scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling reveals multiple defense responses in downy mildew-resistant transgenic grapevine expressing a TIR-NBS-LRR gene located at the MrRUN1/MrRPV1 locus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Qu ◽  
Ian Dry ◽  
Lulu Liu ◽  
Zexi Guo ◽  
Ling Yin
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Disease Resistance Gene ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Transgenic Grapevine

AbstractGrapevine downy mildew (DM) is a destructive oomycete disease of viticulture worldwide. MrRPV1 is a typical TIR-NBS-LRR type DM disease resistance gene cloned from the wild North American grapevine species Muscadinia rotundifolia. However, the molecular basis of resistance mediated by MrRPV1 remains poorly understood. Downy mildew-susceptible Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz was transformed with a genomic fragment containing MrRPV1 to produce DM-resistant transgenic Shiraz lines. Comparative transcriptome analysis was used to compare the transcriptome profiles of the resistant and susceptible genotypes after DM infection. Transcriptome modulation during the response to P. viticola infection was more rapid, and more genes were induced in MrRPV1-transgenic Shiraz than in wild-type plants. In DM-infected MrRPV1-transgenic plants, activation of genes associated with Ca2+ release and ROS production was the earliest transcriptional response. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that key genes related to multiple phytohormone signaling pathways and secondary metabolism were highly induced during infection. Coexpression network and motif enrichment analysis showed that WRKY and MYB transcription factors strongly coexpress with stilbene synthase (VvSTS) genes during defense against P. viticola in MrRPV1-transgenic plants. Taken together, these findings indicate that multiple pathways play important roles in MrRPV1-mediated resistance to downy mildew.

scholarly journals Nonhost Versus Host Resistance to the Grapevine Downy Mildew, Plasmopara viticola, Studied at the Tissue Level

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 776-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Díez-Navajas ◽  
S. Wiedemann-Merdinoglu ◽  
C. Greif ◽  
D. Merdinoglu
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Vitis Riparia ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Muscadinia Rotundifolia

Following inoculation of host and nonhost plants with Plasmopara viticola, the grapevine downy mildew, a histological survey was undertaken to identify the stage where its development is contained in nonhosts and in resistant host plants. Three herbaceous nonhost species, Beta vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, and Capsicum annuum, and three grapevine species displaying different level of resistance (Vitis vinifera [susceptible], Vitis riparia [partially resistant] and Muscadinia rotundifolia [totally resistant]) where inoculated by P. viticola using a controlled leaf disk inoculation bioassay. During the early steps of infection, defined as encystment of zoospores on stomata, penetration of the germ tube, and production of the vesicle with the primary hypha, there was no evidence of a clear-cut preference to grapevine tissues that could attest to host specificity. The main difference between host grapevine species and nonhosts was observed during the haustorium formation stage. In nonhost tissues, the infection was stopped by cell wall-associated defense responses before any mature haustorium could appear. Defense responses in resistant grapevines were triggered when haustoria were fully visible and corresponded to hypersensitive responses. These observations illustrate that, for P. viticola, haustorium formation is not only a key stage for the establishment of biotrophy but also for the host specificity and the recognition by grapevine resistance factors.

scholarly journals Kaolin Particle Film Protects Grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon Against Downy Mildew by Forming Particle Film at the Leaf Surface, Directly Acting on Sporangia and Inducing the Defense of the Plant

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xiao Cao ◽  
Yulei Han ◽  
Xing Han ◽  
Zhilei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Protected Plants ◽  
Grapevine Leaves

Downy mildew is a major threat to viticulture, leading to severe yield loss. The use of traditional copper-based fungicides is effective, but has adverse effects on the environment and human health, making it urgent to develop an environmentally friendly disease management program. Multi-functional kaolin particle film (KPF) is promising as an effective and safer treatment strategy, since this material lacks chemically active ingredients. In this study, ability of Kaolin particle film (KPF) pretreatment to protect grapevine leaves from Plasmopara viticola was tested and the mode of action of KPF was analyzed. KPF application reduced the disease severity and the development of intercellular hyphae. Additionally, there was reduced accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) with pretreatment. The observation of ultrastructure on the leaf surface showed KPF deposition and stomatal obstruction, indicating that KPF protected plants against disease by preventing the adhesion of pathogens to the leaf surface and blocking invasion through the stomata. KPF pretreatment also activated host defense responses, as evidenced by increased activities of anti-oxidative enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] and defense-related enzymes [phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanases], increased phytohormone signals [abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA)] and the up-regulation of defense genes related to plant defense. Overall, these results demonstrate that KPF treatment counters grapevine downy mildew by protecting leaves and enhancing plant defense responses.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis and molecular mechanism of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) drought tolerance under repeated drought using single-molecule long-read sequencing

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Meilian Tan ◽  
Collins O. Ogutu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Proline Biosynthesis ◽  
Interacting Protein

Abstract Background Oil flax (linseed, Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important oil crops., However, the increases in drought resulting from climate change have dramatically reduces linseed yield and quality, but very little is known about how linseed coordinates the expression of drought resistance gene in response to different level of drought stress (DS) on the genome-wide level. Results To explore the linseed transcriptional response of DS and repeated drought (RD) stress, we determined the drought tolerance of different linseed varieties. Then we performed full-length transcriptome sequencing of drought-resistant variety (Z141) and drought-sensitive variety (NY-17) under DS and RD stress at the seedling stage using single-molecule real-time sequencing and RNA-sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and reduce and visualize GO (REVIGO) enrichment analysis showed that upregulated genes of Z141 were enriched in more functional pathways related to plant drought tolerance than those of NY-17 were under DS. In addition, 4436 linseed transcription factors were identified, and 1190 were responsive to stress treatments. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that the proline biosynthesis pathway interacts with stress response genes through RAD50 (DNA repair protein 50) interacting protein 1 (RIN-1). Finally, proline biosynthesis and DNA repair structural gene expression patterns were verified by RT- PCR. Conclusions The drought tolerance of Z141 may be related to its upregulation of drought tolerance genes under DS. Proline may play an important role in linseed drought tolerance by maintaining cell osmotic and protecting DNA from ROS damage. In summary, this study provides a new perspective to understand the drought adaptability of linseed.

scholarly journals Investigation of long non-coding RNAs as regulatory players of grapevine response to powdery and downy mildew infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Bhatia ◽  
Santosh K. Upadhyay ◽  
Anuradha Upadhyay ◽  
Kashmir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory transcripts of length > 200 nt. Owing to the rapidly progressing RNA-sequencing technologies, lncRNAs are emerging as considerable nodes in the plant antifungal defense networks. Therefore, we investigated their role in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) in response to obligate biotrophic fungal phytopathogens, Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew, PM) and Plasmopara viticola (downy mildew, DM), which impose huge agro-economic burden on grape-growers worldwide. Results Using computational approach based on RNA-seq data, 71 PM- and 83 DM-responsive V. vinifera lncRNAs were identified and comprehensively examined for their putative functional roles in plant defense response. V. vinifera protein coding sequences (CDS) were also profiled based on expression levels, and 1037 PM-responsive and 670 DM-responsive CDS were identified. Next, co-expression analysis-based functional annotation revealed their association with gene ontology (GO) terms for ‘response to stress’, ‘response to biotic stimulus’, ‘immune system process’, etc. Further investigation based on analysis of domains, enzyme classification, pathways enrichment, transcription factors (TFs), interactions with microRNAs (miRNAs), and real-time quantitative PCR of lncRNAs and co-expressing CDS pairs suggested their involvement in modulation of basal and specific defense responses such as: Ca2+-dependent signaling, cell wall reinforcement, reactive oxygen species metabolism, pathogenesis related proteins accumulation, phytohormonal signal transduction, and secondary metabolism. Conclusions Overall, the identified lncRNAs provide insights into the underlying intricacy of grapevine transcriptional reprogramming/post-transcriptional regulation to delay or seize the living cell-dependent pathogen growth. Therefore, in addition to defense-responsive genes such as TFs, the identified lncRNAs can be further examined and leveraged to candidates for biotechnological improvement/breeding to enhance fungal stress resistance in this susceptible fruit crop of economic and nutritional importance.

scholarly journals A High-Quality Grapevine Downy Mildew Genome Assembly Reveals Rapidly Evolving and Lineage-Specific Putative Host Adaptation Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 954-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Dussert ◽  
Isabelle D Mazet ◽  
Carole Couture ◽  
Jérôme Gouzy ◽  
Marie-Christine Piron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Downy Mildews ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
High Level

Abstract Downy mildews are obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogens that cause devastating plant diseases on economically important crops. Plasmopara viticola is the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, a major disease in vineyards worldwide. We sequenced the genome of Pl. viticola with PacBio long reads and obtained a new 92.94 Mb assembly with high contiguity (359 scaffolds for a N50 of 706.5 kb) due to a better resolution of repeat regions. This assembly presented a high level of gene completeness, recovering 1,592 genes encoding secreted proteins involved in plant–pathogen interactions. Plasmopara viticola had a two-speed genome architecture, with secreted protein-encoding genes preferentially located in gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions and evolving rapidly, as indicated by pairwise dN/dS values. We also used short reads to assemble the genome of Plasmopara muralis, a closely related species infecting grape ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata). The lineage-specific proteins identified by comparative genomics analysis included a large proportion of RxLR cytoplasmic effectors and, more generally, genes with high dN/dS values. We identified 270 candidate genes under positive selection, including several genes encoding transporters and components of the RNA machinery potentially involved in host specialization. Finally, the Pl. viticola genome assembly generated here will allow the development of robust population genomics approaches for investigating the mechanisms involved in adaptation to biotic and abiotic selective pressures in this species.

scholarly journals Long Non-coding RNAs Responsive to Blast Fungus Infection in Rice

Rice ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Lan Wang ◽  
Jing-Jing Jin ◽  
Li-Hua Li ◽  
Shao-Hong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Gene Transcription Level ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in many physiological processes in plant. By high-throughput RNA-sequencing, many pathogen-associated LncRNAs were mapped in various plants, and some of them were proved to be involved in plant defense responses. The rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases in rice. However, M. oryzae-induced LncRNAs in rice is yet to be studied. Findings We investigated rice LncRNAs that were associated with the rice blast fungus. Totally 83 LncRNAs were up-regulated after blast fungus infection and 78 were down-regulated. Of them, the natural antisense transcripts (NATs) were the most abundant. The expression of some LncRNAs has similar pattern with their host genes or neighboring genes, suggesting a cis function of them in regulating gene transcription level. The deferentially expressed (DE) LncRNAs and genes co-expression analysis revealed some LncRNAs were associated with genes known to be involved in pathogen resistance, and these genes were enriched in terpenoid biosynthesis and defense response by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Interestingly, one of up-regulated DE-intronic RNA was derived from a jasmonate (JA) biosynthetic gene, lipoxygenase RLL (LOX-RLL). Levels of JAs were significantly increased after blast fungus infection. Given that JA is known to regulate blast resistance in rice, we suggested that LncRNA may be involved in JA-mediated rice resistance to blast fungus. Conclusions This study identified blast fungus-responsive LncRNAs in rice, which provides another layer of candidates that regulate rice and blast fungus interactions.

scholarly journals Climate change and the occurrence of downy mildew in Brazilian grapevines

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francislene Angelotti ◽  
Emília Hamada ◽  
Edineide Elisa Magalhães ◽  
Raquel Ghini ◽  
Lucas da Ressureição Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Diseased Leaf Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Logic Functions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the occurrence of grapevine downy mildew in Brazil. Seedlings containing four to six leaves were sprayed with a sporangia suspension containing 105 sporangia per milliliter. After spraying, the seedlings were subjected to temperatures of 26, 28, 29.1, 30.4, and 31.8°C for 24 hours. The percentage of diseased leaf area and the latent period were evaluated. Maps of the geographic and temporal distribution of the disease were made considering the monthly average of the mean air temperature and leaf wetness duration for the reference climate or climate normal (1961-1990) and the future climates (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100), considering the A2 and B1 gas emission scenarios, designed by the Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Favorability ranges were set and used in logic functions of the geografical information system (GIS) to generate monthly maps for grapevine downy mildew. Rising temperatures interfered with the grapevine downy mildew infections, reduced the disease severity, and increased the latent period. Future climate scenarios indicate a reduction of favorability of downy mildew in Brazil, with variability in the different grape producing regions.

scholarly journals Timing of Grape Downy Mildew Onset in Bordeaux Vineyards

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Chen ◽  
François Brun ◽  
Marc Raynal ◽  
David Makowski
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Survival Analyses ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Local Characteristics ◽  
South West ◽  
Disease Surveys ◽  
Grape Downy Mildew ◽  
Regional Disease

Grapevine downy mildew (GDM) is a severe disease of grapevines. Because of the lack of reliable information about the dates of GDM symptom onset, many vine growers begin fungicide treatments early in the season. We evaluate the extent to which such preventive treatments are justified. Observational data for 266 untreated sites for the years between 2010 and 2017 were used to estimate the timing of GDM onset on vines and bunches of grapes in South West France (Bordeaux region) through survival analyses. The onset of GDM was not apparent on vines and bunches before early to mid-May, and the rate of GDM symptom appearance was highly variable across years. Depending on the year, 50% of the plots displayed symptoms between mid-May and late June for vines. For several years, our statistical analysis revealed that the proportion of plots with no symptoms was high in early August on vines (27.5 and 43.7% in 2013 and 2016) and on bunches (between 23 and 79% in 2011, 2013, and 2016). We found a significant effect of the amount of rainfall in spring on the date of symptom appearance. These results indicate that preventive fungicide application is unjustified in many vineyards, and that regional disease surveys should be used to adjust fungicide treatment dates according to local characteristics, in particular according to rainfall conditions in spring.

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