scholarly journals Behavioural plasticity and the transition to order in jackdaw flocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangjian Ling ◽  
Guillam E. Mclvor ◽  
Joseph Westley ◽  
Kasper van der Vaart ◽  
Richard T. Vaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Group ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Group Density ◽  
Ordered Motion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corvus Monedula

AbstractCollective behaviour is typically thought to arise from individuals following fixed interaction rules. The possibility that interaction rules may change under different circumstances has thus only rarely been investigated. Here we show that local interactions in flocks of wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula) vary drastically in different contexts, leading to distinct group-level properties. Jackdaws interact with a fixed number of neighbours (topological interactions) when traveling to roosts, but coordinate with neighbours based on spatial distance (metric interactions) during collective anti-predator mobbing events. Consequently, mobbing flocks exhibit a dramatic transition from disordered aggregations to ordered motion as group density increases, unlike transit flocks where order is independent of density. The relationship between group density and group order during this transition agrees well with a generic self-propelled particle model. Our results demonstrate plasticity in local interaction rules and have implications for both natural and artificial collective systems.

TORUS KNOTS EMBODYING CURVATURE AND TORSION IN AN OTHERWISE FEATURELESS CONTINUUM

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1723-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. AVRIN
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Particle ◽  
General Relativity ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Torus Knots ◽  
Torus Knot ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Curvature And Torsion ◽  
The Relationship

The subject is a localized disturbance in the form of a torus knot of an otherwise featureless continuum. The knot's topologically quantized, self-sustaining nature emerges in an elementary, straightforward way on the basis of a simple geometric model, one that constrains the differential geometric basis it otherwise shares with General Relativity (GR). Two approaches are employed to generate the knot's solitonic nature, one emphasizing basic differential geometry and the other based on a Lagrangian. The relationship to GR is also examined, especially in terms of the formulation of an energy density for the Lagrangian. The emergent knot formalism is used to derive estimates of some measurable quantities for a certain elementary particle model documented in previous publications. Also emerging is the compatibility of the torus knot formalism and, by extension, that of the cited particle model, with general relativity as well as with the Dirac theoretic notion of antiparticles.

What do ‘peripersonal space measures’ really reflect? The action field perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-180
Author(s):  
R.J. Bufacchi ◽  
G.D. Iannetti
Keyword(s):  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Impact Prediction ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Action Value ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
Field Perspective ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interactive Behaviour

The magnitude of a large number of behavioural and neurophysiological measures depends on the proximity between an individual and environmental objects. This relationship has led to the concept of peripersonal space (PPS). Here we argue that the proximity-dependence of such PPS measures could arise as a result of calculating the relevance of actions that aim to create or avoid contact with objects in the world. This perspective, supported by the interactive behaviour framework of systems-level brain function, allows us to describe PPS as a set of continuous fields reflecting contact-related action relevance. The action relevance perspective gets rid of incorrect notions about PPS, such as it being a single in-or-out zone that mainly reflects the spatial distance between objects and the body. This reconceptualization incorporates PPS into mainstream theories of action selection and behaviour. Furthermore, the formal comparison of this framework to others shows that contact-action value allows for a more complete description of PPS measures than proximity coding, impact prediction, and multisensory integration do, while simultaneously explaining the relationship between those concepts and PPS measures.

scholarly journals Digital technology and changing roles: a management accountant’s dream or nightmare?

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-238
Author(s):  
Roy-Ivar Andreassen
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Management Accountants ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Recent developments in digital technology have revitalized interest in the relationship between technology and management accounting. Yet, few empirical in-depth studies have assessed how digital technologies influence the roles of management accountants. This paper builds on the concept of jurisdiction to illuminate the relationship between management accountants, expert knowledge and digital technology. The study identifies and describes competition over jurisdiction between management accountants and other groups of employees. The study describes a shift for divisional management accountants towards narrower roles in their tasks and expectations, while business-oriented roles at group level are found to entail expanding tasks and expectations. In doing so, management accountants are divided into two divergent categories facing different expectations: divisional and group level management accountants. Through a case study in the technology-oriented finance sector, the paper contributes to the debate on the roles of management accountants in a number of ways. First, it describes how digital technology can contribute to narrower and more specialized roles. Second, it describes how digital technology can contribute to competition between professions. Third, it elucidates how digital technology contributes to changes in the behaviour of decision makers, and in their expectations toward, and the involvement of, management accountants. Fourth, it details how the changes contributed by digital technology in the roles of management accountants can act as mediators in the identity-work of management accountants. Finally, it empirically describes the relationships between digital technology and management accountants’ roles.

scholarly journals Bearing the Weight of Imprisonment: The Relationship Between Prison Climate and Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F. J. C. van Ginneken ◽  
Hanneke Palmen ◽  
Anouk Q. Bosma ◽  
Miranda Sentse
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known about the relative influence of shared and individual perceptions of prison climate on adjustment to incarceration. This study investigated the relationship between prison climate and well-being among a sample of 4,538 adults incarcerated in the Netherlands. Prison climate dimensions were considered both as prison unit-level variables and as individual-level perceptions. Multilevel analysis results showed that most variance for well-being is found at the individual rather than the unit level. This implies that it does not make much of a difference for well-being in which prison unit someone resides. Positive effects of prison climate on well-being were primarily found for individual perceptions of prison climate, rather than for the aggregate unit measures. More research is needed to determine whether this finding holds true in other countries. The findings confirm the importance of disentangling the contribution of prison climate at the individual and group level.

scholarly journals Topologically associated domains enriched for lineage-specific genes reveal expression-dependent nuclear topologies during myogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (12) ◽  
pp. E1691-E1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Neems ◽  
Arturo G. Garza-Gongora ◽  
Erica D. Smith ◽  
Steven T. Kosak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Genome Organization ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Linear Distribution ◽  
Myotube Formation ◽  
Topologically Associated Domains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lineage Specific Genes

The linear distribution of genes across chromosomes and the spatial localization of genes within the nucleus are related to their transcriptional regulation. The mechanistic consequences of linear gene order, and how it may relate to the functional output of genome organization, remain to be fully resolved, however. Here we tested the relationship between linear and 3D organization of gene regulation during myogenesis. Our analysis has identified a subset of topologically associated domains (TADs) that are significantly enriched for muscle-specific genes. These lineage-enriched TADs demonstrate an expression-dependent pattern of nuclear organization that influences the positioning of adjacent nonenriched TADs. Therefore, lineage-enriched TADs inform cell-specific genome organization during myogenesis. The reduction of allelic spatial distance of one of these domains, which contains Myogenin, correlates with reduced transcriptional variability, identifying a potential role for lineage-specific nuclear topology. Using a fusion-based strategy to decouple mitosis and myotube formation, we demonstrate that the cell-specific topology of syncytial nuclei is dependent on cell division. We propose that the effects of linear and spatial organization of gene loci on gene regulation are linked through TAD architecture, and that mitosis is critical for establishing nuclear topologies during cellular differentiation.

Mediators of ethical leadership and group performance outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. Peng ◽  
Julian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Leadership Behaviors ◽  
Value Congruence ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Trust ◽  
Level Performance

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and group-level performance outcomes and show that group value congruence and group trust play pivotal mediating roles in the relationship between ethical leadership and work group performance outcomes. Design/methodology/approach To examine the proposed model, survey data from 116 branches of a baked goods and beverages chain located in Northern Taiwan were analyzed. Findings The results revealed that ethical leadership was positively and significantly related to group in-role performance and group helping behavior; the relationship was fully mediated by group value congruence and group trust after controlling for idealized influence leadership. Research limitations/implications This study features a cross-sectional study design, thus limiting the accuracy of inferences about causality. Practical implications The results of the current study revealed that ethical leadership behaviors enhance group trust. Hence, these leadership behaviors could be among the best and most appropriate practices to be implemented in China and Taiwan. Originality/value The data suggested that ethical leadership was associated with not only individual-level behavior but also group-level performance. Furthermore, this paper also uncovered the mediation mechanism through which ethical leadership enhances group performance.

Variability in Grouping in the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus I. Group Density and Group Size

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Southwell
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Group Density ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of season, population density and habitat on group density and group size in the eastern grey kangaroo were examined. In an open forest habitat, both group density and group size increased significantly with population density, but no seasonal variation was detected for either parameter. The relationship with population density was logarithmic for group density and exponential for group size. In a tall shrubland habitat both group density and group size increased with population density, but the range of population densities sampled was too narrow for the nature of the relationships to be determined. Group density was significantly higher, and group size significantly lower, in the tall shrubland than in the open forest. Possible reasons for this difference in spatial dispersion between habitats are discussed.

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