scholarly journals Directional reorientation of migrating neutrophils is limited by suppression of receptor input signaling at the cell rear through myosin II activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Hadjitheodorou ◽  
George R. R. Bell ◽  
Felix Ellett ◽  
Shashank Shastry ◽  
Daniel Irimia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Polarized Cells ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Receptor Input ◽  
Target Locations

AbstractTo migrate efficiently to target locations, cells must integrate receptor inputs while maintaining polarity: a distinct front that leads and a rear that follows. Here we investigate what is necessary to overwrite pre-existing front-rear polarity in neutrophil-like HL60 cells migrating inside straight microfluidic channels. Using subcellular optogenetic receptor activation, we show that receptor inputs can reorient weakly polarized cells, but the rear of strongly polarized cells is refractory to new inputs. Transient stimulation reveals a multi-step repolarization process, confirming that cell rear sensitivity to receptor input is the primary determinant of large-scale directional reversal. We demonstrate that the RhoA/ROCK/myosin II pathway limits the ability of receptor inputs to signal to Cdc42 and reorient migrating neutrophils. We discover that by tuning the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain we can modulate the activity and localization of myosin II and thus the amenability of the cell rear to ‘listen’ to receptor inputs and respond to directional reprogramming.

scholarly journals Directional reorientation of migrating neutrophils is limited by suppression of receptor input signaling at the cell rear through myosin II activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Hadjitheodorou ◽  
George R. R. Bell ◽  
Felix Ellett ◽  
Shashank Shastry ◽  
Daniel Irimia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Polarized Cells ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Receptor Input ◽  
Target Locations

ABSTRACTTo migrate efficiently to target locations, cells must integrate receptor inputs while maintaining polarity: a distinct front that leads and a rear that follows. Here we investigate what is necessary to overwrite pre-existing front/rear polarity in neutrophil-like HL60 cells migrating inside straight microfluidic channels. Using subcellular optogenetic receptor activation, we show that receptor inputs can reorient weakly polarized cells, but the rear of strongly polarized cells is refractory to new inputs. Transient stimulation reveals a multi-step repolarization process, confirming that cell rear sensitivity to receptor input is the primary determinant of large-scale directional reversal. We demonstrate that the RhoA/ROCK/myosin II pathway limits the ability of receptor inputs to signal to Cdc42 and reorient migrating neutrophils. We discover that by tuning the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain we can modulate the activity and localization of myosin II and thus the amenability of the cell rear to ‘listen’ to receptor inputs and respond to directional reprogramming.

scholarly journals Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pak-related protein, Pak1p/Orb2p, phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chain to inhibit cytokinesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 183 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsui-Han Loo ◽  
Mohan Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Filamentous Actin

p21-activated kinases (Paks) have been identified in a variety of eukaryotic cells as key effectors of the Cdc42 family of guanosine triphosphatases. Pak kinases play important roles in regulating the filamentous actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we describe a function for the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pak-related protein Pak1p/Orb2p in cytokinesis. Pak1p localizes to the actomyosin ring during mitosis and cytokinesis. Loss of Pak1p function leads to accelerated cytokinesis. Pak1p mediates phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain Rlc1p at serine residues 35 and 36 in vivo. Interestingly, loss of Pak1p function or substitution of serine 35 and serine 36 of Rlc1p with alanines, thereby mimicking a dephosphorylated state of Rlc1p, leads to defective coordination of mitosis and cytokinesis. This study reveals a new mechanism involving Pak1p kinase that helps ensure the fidelity of cytokinesis.

scholarly journals Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain Controls Non-muscle Myosin II Assembly and Function in Migrating Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (13) ◽  
pp. 2446-2458.e6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Aguilar-Cuenca ◽  
Clara Llorente-González ◽  
Jessica R. Chapman ◽  
Vanessa C. Talayero ◽  
Marina Garrido-Casado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
And Function ◽  
Muscle Myosin ◽  
Migrating Cells

Regulation of myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation via cyclic GMP during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium

1994 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 1737-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Liu ◽  
P.C. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Cyclic Gmp ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Control Strain ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain Phosphorylation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Previous studies on the chemotactic movement of Dictyostelium have indicated a role for cyclic GMP in regulating the association of myosin II with the cytoskeleton. In this study we have examined the part played by phosphorylation of the 18 kDa myosin regulatory light chain in this event. Using streamer F mutant NP368 (which is deficient in the structural gene for cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase) we find that, for the regulatory light chain kinase, the major peak of phosphorylation is delayed compared to the parental control strain XP55, occurring at 80 seconds rather than about 30 seconds in XP55. In two independently derived mutants that are unable to increase their cellular concentration of cyclic GMP (above basal levels) in response to a chemotactic stimulus of cyclic AMP (KI-10 and SA219), no increase in the phosphorylation of the light chain occurred, or movement of myosin II to the cytoskeleton. We also find a smaller peak of light chain phosphorylation that occurs within 10 seconds of cyclic AMP stimulation of the amoebae, and which is absent in the cyclic GMP-unresponsive strains. We conclude that cyclic GMP is involved in regulating light chain phosphorylation in this system. The possible significance of these findings is discussed and a model that relates these findings to published data on cytoskeletal myosin changes during chemotaxis is presented.

scholarly journals Distinct Roles of Smooth Muscle and Non-muscle Myosin Light Chain-Mediated Smooth Muscle Contraction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Sun ◽  
Yan-Ning Qiao ◽  
Tao Tao ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Li-Sha Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Light Chain Kinase ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Myosin Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Muscle Myosin

Both smooth muscle (SM) and non-muscle (NM) myosin II are expressed in hollow organs such as the bladder and uterus, but their respective roles in contraction and corresponding physiological functions remain to be determined. In this report, we assessed their roles by analyzing mice deficient of Myl9, a gene encoding the SM myosin regulatory light chain (SM RLC). We find that global Myl9-deficient bladders contracted with an apparent sustained phase, despite no initial phase. This sustained contraction was mediated by NM myosin RLC (NM RLC) phosphorylation by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). NM myosin II was expressed abundantly in the uterus and young mice bladders, of which the force was accordingly sensitive to NM myosin inhibition. Our findings reveal distinct roles of SM RLC and NM RLC in SM contraction.

scholarly journals Contribution of Ionotropic Glutamatergic Receptors to Excitability and Attentional Signals in Macaque Frontal Eye Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Dasilva ◽  
Christian Brandt ◽  
Marc Alwin Gieselmann ◽  
Claudia Distler ◽  
Alexander Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Control Signals ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Eye Field ◽  
Large Scale Networks

Abstract Top-down attention, controlled by frontal cortical areas, is a key component of cognitive operations. How different neurotransmitters and neuromodulators flexibly change the cellular and network interactions with attention demands remains poorly understood. While acetylcholine and dopamine are critically involved, glutamatergic receptors have been proposed to play important roles. To understand their contribution to attentional signals, we investigated how ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the frontal eye field (FEF) of male macaques contribute to neuronal excitability and attentional control signals in different cell types. Broad-spiking and narrow-spiking cells both required N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor activation for normal excitability, thereby affecting ongoing or stimulus-driven activity. However, attentional control signals were not dependent on either glutamatergic receptor type in broad- or narrow-spiking cells. A further subdivision of cell types into different functional types using cluster-analysis based on spike waveforms and spiking characteristics did not change the conclusions. This can be explained by a model where local blockade of specific ionotropic receptors is compensated by cell embedding in large-scale networks. It sets the glutamatergic system apart from the cholinergic system in FEF and demonstrates that a reduction in excitability is not sufficient to induce a reduction in attentional control signals.

Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain at Ser17 regulates actomyosin dissociation

2021 ◽  
pp. 129655
Author(s):  
Lichuang Cao ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
Dequan Zhang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Chengli Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Regulatory Light Chain

Adenosine induces dephosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Srinivas ◽  
M. Satpathy ◽  
P. Gallagher ◽  
E. Larivière ◽  
W. Van Driessche
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Regulatory Light Chain ◽  
Corneal Endothelial Cells
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