Biotic threats for 23 major non-native tree species in Europe

AbstractFor non-native tree species with an origin outside of Europe a detailed compilation of enemy species including the severity of their attack is lacking up to now. We collected information on native and non-native species attacking non-native trees, i.e. type, extent and time of first observation of damage for 23 important non-native trees in 27 European countries. Our database includes about 2300 synthesised attack records (synthesised per biotic threat, tree and country) from over 800 species. Insects (49%) and fungi (45%) are the main observed biotic threats, but also arachnids, bacteria including phytoplasmas, mammals, nematodes, plants and viruses have been recorded. This information will be valuable to identify patterns and drivers of attacks, and trees with a lower current health risk to be considered for planting. In addition, our database will provide a baseline to which future impacts on non-native tree species could be compared with and thus will allow to analyse temporal trends of impacts.

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Outstanding performance of an invasive alien tree Bischofia javanica relative to native tree species and implications for management of insular primary forests

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9573 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9573

Author(s):

Tetsuto Abe ◽

Nobuyuki Tanaka ◽

Yoshikazu Shimizu

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Logistic Model ◽

Forest Community ◽

Population Increase ◽

Canopy Trees ◽

Native Trees ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

Bischofia Javanica ◽

Primary Forests

Invasive alien tree species can exert severe impacts, especially in insular biodiversity hotspots, but have been inadequately studied. Knowledge of the life history and population trends of an invasive alien tree species is essential for appropriate ecosystem management. The invasive tree Bischofia javanica has overwhelmed native trees on Haha-jima Island in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. We explored forest community dynamics 2 years after a typhoon damaged the Sekimon primary forests on Haha-jima Island, and predicted the rate of population increase of B. javanica using a logistic model from forest dynamics data for 19 years. During the 2 years after the typhoon, only B. javanica increased in population size, whereas populations of native tree species decreased. Stem diameter growth of B. javanica was more rapid than that of other tree species, including native pioneer trees. Among the understory stems below canopy trees of other species, B. javanica grew most rapidly and B. javanica canopy trees decreased growth of the dominant native Ardisia sieboldii. These competitive advantages were indicated to be the main mechanism by which B. javanica replaces native trees. The logistic model predicted that B. javanica would reach 30% of the total basal area between 2017 (in the eastern plot adjacent to a former B. javanica plantation) and 2057 (in the western plot distant from the plantation site), which is a maximum percentage allowing to eradicate under the present guideline of the National Forest. The results suggest immediate removal of B. javanica is required to preserve native biodiversity in these forests.

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Biochar Rescues Native Trees in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot

10.20944/preprints202201.0007.v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Leeladarshini Sujeeun ◽

Sean C. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Biodiversity Hotspot ◽

Native Plant ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Island Ecosystems ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

Global Biodiversity

Many tropical invasive species have allelopathic effects that contribute to their success in native plant communities. Pyrolyzed biomass (“biochar”) can sorb toxic compounds, including allelochemicals produced by invasive plants, potentially reducing their inhibitory effects on native species. Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) is among the most important allelopathic invasive species in tropical islands and recognized as the most serious invasive species threat in the global biodiversity hotspot of Mauritius. We investigated the effects of additions of locally produced biochar on native tree species in a field experiment conducted in areas invaded by strawberry guava within Mauritius’ largest national park. Growth and survivorship of native tree species were monitored over 2 ½ years in plots subjected to four treatments: non-weeded, weeded, weeded + 25 t/ha biochar and weeded + 50 t/ha biochar. Native tree growth and survivorship were strongly suppressed by strawberry guava. Biochar treatments dramatically increased native tree performance, with more than a doubling in growth, and substantially increased native tree survivorship and species diversity, while suppressing strawberry guava regeneration, consistent with growth-promoting properties and sorption of allelochemicals. We conclude that biochars, including “sustainable biochars” produced from locally accessible biomass using low-tech pyrolysis systems, have considerable potential to counteract effects of allelopathic invaders and increase the capacity for native species regeneration in tropical island ecosystems.

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Fourteen Threatened Native Trees of Bangladesh: Which Pretreatment Generates Maximum Germination Percent?

Journal of Non Timber Forest Products ◽

10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-a8wjs2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 83-86

Author(s):

G.N. Hasnat ◽

M. Hossain ◽

M. Bhuiyan ◽

M. Alam

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Cold Water ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Hot Water ◽

Species Response ◽

Native Trees ◽

Native Tree ◽

Speed Up ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

Castanopsis Indica

Effect of different pre-sowing treatments on germination of fourteen threatened native tree species of Bangladesh was studied to find out the appropriate pre-sowing treatments to speed up germination rate of the required and desired species. Hard coated fruits and seeds of Canarium resiniferum, Castanopsis indica, Protium serratum, Quercus acuminata and Vitex peduncularis were treated with sand paper, nicking, cold water, hot water, H2SO4 and HCl. Seeds of Brownlowia elata, Dichopsis polyantha, Firmiana colorata, Lophopetalum fimbriatum, Pterospermum acerifolium, Pterospermum semisagittatum, Pterygota alata and Sterculia villosa were sown in polybags, propagator house and nursery bed in normal, flat and in 450 angle position. Hard fruits of Castanopsis indica sown in polybags without any treatment showed 25% germination but increased to 67% when fruits were treated with sand paper rubbing at the distal end. Seeds of Lophopetalum fimbriatum germinated only 26% when sown normally in polybags but when sown in propagator house it increased to 90%. Different species response differently with pre-sowing treatments but in general pre-sowing treatments increases the germination percent in all the species.

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Research Note: Effects of leaf decomposition of selected exotic and native tree species on forest soil quality

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr3013.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 29-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cheryl Batistel ◽

Victor Asio

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Leaf Decomposition ◽

Total N ◽

Exotic Tree ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species

The study evaluated the effects of incorporation and subsequent decomposition of leaves of exotic tree species (Gmelina arborea, Swietenia macrophylla and Tectona grandis) and native tree species (Pterocarpus indicus, Dipterocarpus validus and Parashorea plicata) on the quality of forest soil. Forty-two pots containing an acidic and clayey forest soil and added with fresh leaves of the different tree species were setup in an open area in Mt. Pangasugan. Retrieval of the first three pots for each treatment was done after two months and the remaining three pots, five months later. Soil samples were collected from each pot and were analyzed for soil respiration rate, pH, OM, total N and available P. Findings showed that in general the exotic tree species did not change the soil pH while the native species appeared to decrease it. Regardless of tree species, leaf decomposition significantly increased available soil phosphorus. The leaves of the exotic tree species decomposed faster than those of the native tree species.

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Inventory of native and mother trees in Key Biodiversity Areas of Cebu Island, Philippines for species selection in local reforestation programs

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d221105 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Edgardo P. Lillo ◽

ARCHIEBALD B. MALAKI ◽

STEVE MICHAEL T. ALCAZAR ◽

RAAMAH ROSALES ◽

BERNARDO R. REDOBLADO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Forest Restoration ◽

Habitat Preferences ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Species Selection ◽

Adult Trees ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species ◽

Planting Materials

Abstract. Lillo EP, Malaki AB, Alcazar SMT, Rosales R, Redoblado BR, Diaz JLB, Pantinople EM, Buot Jr. IE. 2021. Inventory of native and mother trees in Key Biodiversity Areas of Cebu Island, Philippines for species selection in local reforestation programs. Biodiversitas 22: 4740-4749. Forest restoration is the counterforce of deforestation and forest degradation. Yet, despite promoting natural recovery after forest harvest, afforestation and reforestation efforts, tropical forest ecosystems still experience a poor ratio of forest loss to forest gain. The study assessed the native tree species and potential mother trees in different Cebu Island Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) as well as their distribution and habitat preferences which can be used in local reforestation programs. A vegetation survey was conducted in three KBAs in Cebu Island, namely Nug-as forest, Mount Lantoy and Mount Capayas to inventory all native species. Assessment based on the phenotypic characteristics of adult trees was also conducted for indicating mother trees. This study in Cebu Island KBAs recorded a total of 292 species, categorized into 125 families and 203 genera, which can be classified into native trees (210), vines and lianas (18), shrub (37), and herbs (27). Out of the 292 species, 214 were recorded in Nug-as forest, 172 in Mount Lantoy, and 145 in Mount Capayas. Of the 210 native tree species, Nug-as forest had 145 species, Mount Lantoy 131 species, and Mount Capayas 109 species. A total of 241 mother trees were identified in the three KBAs, corresponding to 77 species in which Nug-as forest had 143 trees correspond to 52 species, Mount Lantoy had 68 trees correspond to 29 species, and Mount Capayas had 31 trees correspond to 6 species. Such native tree species are recommended for reforestation programs as planting materials that could reduce the risks of failure due to its high adaptability to the environment.

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Environmental Stakeholders' Perceptions of Urban Native Tree Species Values in Abuja City, Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology ◽

10.9734/ajee/2019/v11i230133 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

J. O. Ihuma ◽

S. Madakan ◽

U. D. Chima

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Economic Value ◽

Erosion Control ◽

Cooling Effect ◽

Ecosystem Functions ◽

Construction Companies ◽

Urban City ◽

Native Trees ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species

This study was conducted to investigate the value perceptions of native tree species in urban landscape by three groups of environmental stakeholders – residents, estate developers and construction companies that reside in Abuja, the Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory. A Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) of landscape scale ecosystem functions and services valuation scenarios were used. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) sets of questionnaire were distributed equally among the three stakeholders (60 each) to ascertain their perceptions on the need to protect native tree species by asking them to rank eight reasons why the protection of native tree species is important in urban/city landscape. The reasons ranked were (i) Aesthetics and beautification of environment, (ii) Microclimatic and cooling effect, (iii) Windbreak, (iv) Erosion control, (v) Conservation of native tree species, (vi) Obstruction of view to enhance privacy (vii) Economic value of the species and, (viii) Any other reason. Results showed that Aesthetics and beautification of environment ranked first by a combination of all stakeholders, and also by Estate Developers alone, while Erosion control and Economic value of the species were ranked first by the Residents and the Construction Companies, respectively. Stakeholders’ mean scores for Aesthetics & beautification of environment, Microclimatic & cooling effect, Conservation of native tree species, and Obstruction of view to enhance privacy, varied significantly (p < 0.05) while there was no significant differences in their mean scores for Windbreak, Erosion control, and Economic value of the species. The differences in the stakeholders’ perception of the value of native trees as revealed by the rankings and significant differences in scores for some of the value criteria to a large extent underscore the values they place on them which in turn will influence their attitude towards the conservation and protection of the species. Therefore, the need for effective environmental education and enlightenment campaigns to sensitise all stakeholders on the overall values and roles of native trees in the city, is emphasized.

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Domesticating Commercially Important Native Tree Species in the Philippines: Early Growth Performance Level

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11080885 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 885

Author(s):

Rustum Aguilos ◽

Conrado Marquez ◽

Henry Adornado ◽

Maricar Aguilos

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Ground Level ◽

The Philippines ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Total Height ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species

Selection of native tree species for commercial purposes is a continuing challenge and an opportunity in tropical silviculture. Because of this, we explored domesticating 33 native species in the Philippines that were tested for survival rate, total height, and diameter-at-ground-level (dgl) increments. The first five years (2014–2018) of assessment showed that 13 species (40%) of the 33 native species reached a survival rate of more than 80%. Grouped as ‘slow’-, ‘medium’- and ‘fast’-growing field trial species, a 709 cm average total height at five years was attained by the fast-growing cluster where Bagalunga (Melia dubia L.) and Kupang (Parkia javanica (D.C.) Merr.) were among the fastest-growing species. Slow-growing trees like Tindalo (Afzelia rhomboidei (Blanco)) and Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi (Willd)) were among the slowest-growing with an average height of 193.8 cm. Dipterocarps like Yakal (Shorea stylosa (Foxw.)), Tanguile (Shorea polysperma (Blanco)) and Mayapis (Shorea squamata (Blanco) Merr.) had the lowest diameter at ground level (dgl) increments (average 25.9 mm) while diametric expansion of fast-growing species spanned up to 93.5 mm. Overall, height and dgl increments were almost five times the original measurement five years after planting. A sudden surge in the rate of change in total height (83%) and dgl (72%) occurred a year after planting, yet a sudden decline occurred in the fifth year with only 21% for height and 23% for diameter growth suggesting the first 3–4 years as the crucial stage in seedling development. Survival rate is better correlated with the changes in dgl increment (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.05) than the height growth (R2 = 0.12, p < 0.05). Increasing rainfall and optimum air temperature significantly correlated with height and diameter growth while any increase in recorded wind speed slightly reduced the growth of the species. Our findings are initial steps towards developing appropriate silvicultural and management interventions when planning for the massive plantation development of domesticated Philippine native trees in the future.

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Native trees of Mexico: diversity, distribution, uses and conservation

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.9898 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e9898

Author(s):

Oswaldo Tellez ◽

Efisio Mattana ◽

Mauricio Diazgranados ◽

Nicola Kühn ◽

Elena Castillo-Lorenzo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Tree Species ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Priority Areas ◽

Threat Status ◽

Native Trees ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species

Background Mexico is one of the most floristically rich countries in the world. Despite significant contributions made on the understanding of its unique flora, the knowledge on its diversity, geographic distribution and human uses, is still largely fragmented. Unfortunately, deforestation is heavily impacting this country and native tree species are under threat. The loss of trees has a direct impact on vital ecosystem services, affecting the natural capital of Mexico and people’s livelihoods. Given the importance of trees in Mexico for many aspects of human well-being, it is critical to have a more complete understanding of their diversity, distribution, traditional uses and conservation status. We aimed to produce the most comprehensive database and catalogue on native trees of Mexico by filling those gaps, to support their in situ and ex situ conservation, promote their sustainable use, and inform reforestation and livelihoods programmes. Methods A database with all the tree species reported for Mexico was prepared by compiling information from herbaria and reviewing the available floras. Species names were reconciled and various specialised sources were used to extract additional species information, i.e. endemic status, threat status, availability in seed collections, reports on plant uses and conservation actions currently in place. With this information, a comprehensive catalogue of native trees from Mexico was redacted. Available georeferenced records were used to map each species distribution and perform spatial analyses to identify gaps of information and priority areas for their conservation and exploration. Results Mexico has at least 2,885 native tree species, belonging to 612 genera and 128 families. Fabaceae is the most represented family and Quercus the most represented genus. Approximately 44% of tree species are endemic to the country. The southern part of the country showed the highest values of species richness. Six hundred and seventy-four species have at least one documented human use. In terms of conservation assessment, ca. 33% of species have been assessed by either the IUCN Red List (919) or the National protection catalogue “NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059” (29) or both (45). Additionally, 98 species have been included in the CITES listing for protection. In terms of existing conservation efforts, 19% of species have ex situ protection in seed banks, while protected areas overlap with all the identified peaks of species richness, except for those in the states of Veracruz and Chiapas. This work constitutes a key milestone for the knowledge, management, and conservation of the Mexican native trees. The two areas with high density of tree species identified in Veracruz and Chiapas represent two priority areas for tree conservation in Mexico, where integrated in situ and ex situ conservation efforts should be focused.

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Length of grow season for native tree species in different green spaces

Žemės ūkio mokslai ◽

10.6001/zemesukiomokslai.v24i2.3500 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tadas Vaidelys ◽

Lina Straigytė

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Urban Forests ◽

Urban Parks ◽

Green Spaces ◽

Grow Season Length ◽

Season Length ◽

Growth Duration ◽

Native Tree ◽

Native Tree Species

The grow season length of native species is a good indicator of the changing environment, especially in urban green spaces. The aim was to determine the length of the grow season for native tree species in different types of green spaces. Tree vegetation was observed in Kaunas city green spaces and peri-urban forests in 2013–2015. It was found that types of green spaces less affected the grow season length of pedanculate oak (Quercus robur L.). The differences of the oak vegetation duration between the types of green spaces were not significant for all three research years. The types of green spaces more affected the grow season length of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). The growth duration (for maple 6–12 days, for lime 10–15 days and for birch 5–9 days) was longer in broad street greeneries than in peri-urban forests. All differences of the growth duration between peri-urban forests and broad street greeneries were statistically significant. Pedanculate oak from peri-urban forests had the longest vegetation in 2013, while the vegetation of small-leaved lime from street greeneries was shortest in 2015. Pedanculate oak is the most suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the longest grow season. Small-leaved lime is the least suitable tree species to grow in urban parks and street greeneries because it has the shortest grow season, especially in street greeneries.

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Presence of native trees in rural tribal homegardens doesn’t necessarily mean conservation: A case study from Mishmi belt of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Ecological Questions ◽

10.12775/eq.2022.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inda Mihu ◽

Dipankar Borah ◽

Sumpam Tangjang

Keyword(s):

Indigenous Knowledge ◽

Frequency Distribution ◽

Wild Species ◽

Tree Species ◽

Native Species ◽

Arunachal Pradesh ◽

Regeneration Potential ◽

Native Tree ◽

The World ◽

Native Tree Species

Increasing human population and various developmental activities in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which lies in one of the most bio-diverse regions of the world, has caused large-scale deforestation, pushing a large number of native tree species to the serious verge of elimination from their native forest. In such tribal-dominated landscapes around the world, myriads of studies have emphasized the potential of homegardens as a site for local biodiversity conservation as they are known to have a huge Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) on the use of diverse native floras. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate if the native communities of the Mishmi tribe conserved native indigenous tree species in their homegardens and if they are grown then what is the future of these tree species? It was hypothesized that harbouring greater indigenous knowledge implies greater domestication of tree species in their homegardens. Altogether, 103 species of trees were recorded from 243 homegardens in the present study. Although the native species constituted more than half of the species diversity, they, however, greatly lagged in all other aspects of the study such as population share, frequency distribution and regeneration potential. Native tree species constituted just 37% of the total tree population. Only two species, Bauhinia variegata L. and Alnus nepalensis D. Don, made up the major bulk of the native population. In terms of frequency distribution, only a handful of native species maintained a decent presence in the homegardens. Most of the native species grew naturally in unmanaged homegardens. The regeneration potential of all native species was very poor, including B. variegata. The study demonstrates that out of the 76 native species recorded from the region, only 7 species can rightfully be regarded as being domesticated by virtue of IKS of the Mishmi community. Our study concludes that the native species do exist in large number in homegardens of the rural tribal areas, but most of the native wild species exist in the rural homegardens not because they are planted/preferred but because they just happen to randomly grow there since most of the homegardens of tribal household are unmanaged or poorly managed, thereby giving way to wild species to germinate, at least until the owner decides to weed them out.

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