scholarly journals The mammalian efferent vestibular system utilizes cholinergic mechanisms to excite primary vestibular afferents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn T. Schneider ◽  
Choongheon Lee ◽  
Anjali K. Sinha ◽  
Paivi M. Jordan ◽  
Joseph C. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Vestibular System ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Cholinergic Antagonists ◽  
Vestibular Afferents ◽  
Pharmacological Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fast Excitation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms ◽  
Efferent Vestibular System

AbstractElectrical stimulation of the mammalian efferent vestibular system (EVS) predominantly excites primary vestibular afferents along two distinct time scales. Although roles for acetylcholine (ACh) have been demonstrated in other vertebrates, synaptic mechanisms underlying mammalian EVS actions are not well-characterized. To determine if activation of ACh receptors account for efferent-mediated afferent excitation in mammals, we recorded afferent activity from the superior vestibular nerve of anesthetized C57BL/6 mice while stimulating EVS neurons in the brainstem, before and after administration of cholinergic antagonists. Using a normalized coefficient of variation (CV*), we broadly classified vestibular afferents as regularly- (CV* < 0.1) or irregularly-discharging (CV* > 0.1) and characterized their responses to midline or ipsilateral EVS stimulation. Afferent responses to efferent stimulation were predominantly excitatory, grew in amplitude with increasing CV*, and consisted of fast and slow components that could be identified by differences in rise time and post-stimulus duration. Both efferent-mediated excitatory components were larger in irregular afferents with ipsilateral EVS stimulation. Our pharmacological data show, for the first time in mammals, that muscarinic AChR antagonists block efferent-mediated slow excitation whereas the nicotinic AChR antagonist DHβE selectively blocks efferent-mediated fast excitation, while leaving the efferent-mediated slow component intact. These data confirm that mammalian EVS actions are predominantly cholinergic.

Preliminary Evaluation of a Weibull Function for Fitting Slow-Component Eye Velocity over the Time Course of Caloric-Induced Nystagmus

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Formby ◽  
B. Albritton ◽  
I. M. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Fitting Parameters ◽  
Weibull Equation

We describe preliminary attempts to fit a mathematical function to the slow-component eye velocity (SCV) over the time course of caloric-induced nystagmus. Initially, we consider a Weibull equation with three parameters. These parameters are estimated by a least-squares procedure to fit digitized SCV data. We present examples of SCV data and fitted curves to show how adjustments in the parameters of the model affect the fitted curve. The best fitting parameters are presented for curves fit to 120 warm caloric responses. The fitting parameters and the efficacy of the fitted curves are compared before and after the SCV data were smoothed to reduce response variability. We also consider a more flexible four-parameter Weibull equation that, for 98% of the smoothed caloric responses, yields fits that describe the data more precisely than a line through the mean. Finally, we consider advantages and problems in fitting the Weibull function to caloric data.

Untersuchungen zur Quantifizierung der Änderung der Skelettmuskeldurchblutung nach Gefäßrevaskularisationen mit einem 99mTechnetiummarkierten Tracer

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (05) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Benning ◽  
K. Nagel ◽  
M. Jugenheimer ◽  
S. Fischer ◽  
S. Worthmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transluminal Angioplasty ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
First Time ◽  
Percutaneous Transluminal

A new 99mTc-labelled tracer (99mTc-Sestanriibi) was used for the first time to demonstrate the perfusion of the skeletal muscle. In 16 patients with obstructive atherosclerosis of the lower limbs the change of perfusion of thigh and lower leg was studied with SPECT before and after vascular surgery (n = 11) or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (n = 5). Comparative results of scintigraphic measurements and clinical observations (ancle-arm pressure, treadmill test) in 10 surgical patients (14 operated legs) showed correct positive or negative results in 86% (12/14).

Trombodynamics Method in the Assessment of Coagulation Parameters in Psychopharmacotherapy of Endogenous Mental Disorders

Psychiatry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
N. S. Karpova ◽  
O. S. Brusov ◽  
I. V. Oleichik ◽  
M. I. Faktor ◽  
N. S. Levchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Procoagulant Activity ◽  
Coagulation Activity ◽  
Continuous Type ◽  
Chronic Neuroinflammation ◽  
Psychopharmacological Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Time ◽  
Schizotypal Disorder

Background: currently, it has been proven that the pathogenesis of endogenous mental disorders is associated with the process of neuroinflammation in the brain of patients. It is also known that chronic neuroinflammation, accompanied by a violation the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. It is accompanied by the activation of platelets that generate procoagulant microparticles, which leads to a disturbance of the hemostasis system, causing an increase in blood clotting in patients. Objective: to investigate the dynamics of procoagulant activity of blood in patients with endogenous mental disorders before and after psychopharmacotherapy.Patients and methods: the study included 185 patients aged 16 to 64 years with the following mental disorders: schizophrenia with attack-like/attack-progressive/continuous type of course (F20.00–2), affective disease (F31.1–5; F32.0–3; F33.0–3), schizotypal disorder with affective fluctuations (F21.3–4). The thrombodynamic test (TD) was performed on T-2 Trombodynamis device according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Hemacore LLC, Moscow, Russia). All patients received standard pharmacotherapy according to their condition.Results: a significant decrease of procoagulant activity of spontaneous clots in the patients’ blood after psychopharmacological treatment is observed. Our data on the positive dynamics of changes in the values of TD test’s indicators in most of the examined patients suggest that a decrease in the coagulation activity of the patients’ blood as a result of treatment may be associated with the anti- inflammatory effect of antipsychotics and antidepressants.Conclusion: for the first time, it was shown that there is a positive dynamic in changing the values of the main parameters of the TD test in most patients with endogenous mental diseases. The results of TD tests can be the basis for monitoring the response to therapy.

scholarly journals Influences of the selected additives on the weight loss and organoleptic properties of marinated mussels and squids

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metin Guldas ◽  
Canan Hecer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Konjac Flour ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mouth Feel ◽  
First Time

Effects of seven different solutions prepared from various additives (carrageenan, konjac flour, phosphate, yeast extract, xanthan gum and maltodextrin) were used to test for the first time in the marination of experimental seafood. The additives were added into the marination solutions and the samples were analyzed before and after marination. Statistically, the experimental solutions did not cause significant changes in pH, acidity and salt content of the samples (P < 0.05). The highest weight gains were obtained from the solution which contained 0.1% of konjac flour (E425 I) as 4.01, 5.21, 4.61 and 4.88 % in the mussels, big squids, diced squids and small squids, respectively. However, this solution was not preferred by the panellists because of its sticky texture. Inversely to red meat products, the solution containing phosphate caused weight loss during marination. The results indicate that the solution containing 0.2% carrageenan LM (low methoxyl) was the best solution in the marination process. Dipping into this solution caused weight gains of 4.69, 2.98, 4.04 and 2.78% in the big squids, the mussels, the small squids and the diced squids, respectively (P < 0.01). The organoleptic properties (mouth feel, flavour and softness) of mussels and squids were also improved by carrageenan LM addition.

The effects of dehydration and local soil on parasite recovery: A preliminary paleoparasitological evaluation on experimental coprolites

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362110499
Author(s):  
Darío Alejandro Ramirez ◽  
Mariana Fabra ◽  
Samanta Xavier ◽  
Alena Mayo Iñiguez
Keyword(s):  
Equal Mass ◽  
Central Argentina ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fresh Feces ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
First Time ◽  
Taphonomic Processes

Experimental paleoparasitological approaches have been used in order to optimize the methodology previously to the application in archeological samples. In this study we evaluated the action of dehydration and local soil (Central Argentina) on the loss of parasite eggs in experimental coprolites, using two parasitological techniques: spontaneous sedimentation and sucrose-flotation. Experimental coprolites comprised fresh human feces, positive for Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris sp., and Enterobius vermicularis, submitted to controlled artificial dehydration. Experimental coprolites with soil addition were prepared by mixing archeological sediment with equal mass of fresh feces. Helminth eggs were counted and eggs per gram were estimated in each subsample. Statistical analyses were applied to compare subsamples before and after desiccation and with and without addition of soil sediment. The performance of parasitological methods statistically differed, the sucrose flotation technique being the less effective when fresh feces and experimental coprolites were analyzed. Partial deformation of eggs was observed via both techniques only in subsamples containing H. nana eggs. However, this was not seen in Ascaris sp. subsamples, possibly due to eggshell composition. We found that sample desiccation significantly decreased the number of eggs in the experimental coprolites. Mixing archeological sediment with the fecal material also resulted in significantly fewer eggs surviving, independent of desiccation. This shows that climate and soil in which archeological fecal samples are found can strongly influence the survival of parasite eggs from past populations. The small amount of parasite evidence often found in paleoparasitological analyses, including Central Argentina, could be attributed to the action of taphonomic processes rather than to the real absence of infection in these ancient populations. Importantly, the study highlights the role of local soil, confirmed for the first time by empirical data. The research provides valuable insights into the understanding of the paleoparasitological results of the region and of general paleoparasitology.

“Girls Are Like Flowers; Boys Are Like footballs”

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Florencia Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gender Practices ◽  
First Time ◽  
Masculine Gender

To contribute to the discussion about how masculinity—understood as a configuration of gender practices (Connell 2000)—is reproduced, this paper analyzes fathers’ discourse about the gender of their sons and daughters. I carried out a qualitative longitudinal study in Chile during which 28 first-time fathers were interviewed before and after their child’s birth or arrival (adoption). I suggest that these fathers see gender in essentialist, dichotomous, and hierarchical terms. They expect to shape their sons’ gender practices according to hegemonic masculinity (discouraging gender practices associated with femininity or homosexuality). In the study, no attempt to reformulate masculine gender practices was observed but, rather, an interest on the fathers’ part in maintaining the patriarchal gender order.

Research on Number of High-Pressure Grouting of Hierarchical Multiple for Slope Based on Reliability Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 716-717 ◽  
pp. 363-369
Author(s):  
Zhen Hua Xie ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Sha Sha Liang ◽  
Zhi Yun Jia
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Rock Mass ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Rock Permeability ◽  
Iron Mine ◽  
Probability Calculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pressure Grouting ◽  
First Time

The technology of hierarchical multiple high-pressure grouting is an effective approach to manage high and steep slope of broken rock mass. The number of grouting is one of the key parameters of this technology. By the analysis of mechanics and grouting theory, the anchoring effect mainly is affected by anchor slurry vein and the contact area with rock mass. Based on the system analysis of slurry vein development for first time and many times high-pressure grouting, the process flow for hierarchical multiple high-pressure grouting is put forward. Serve the rock permeability changes before and after grouting as an indicator measuring slurry and rock surface area, the method of determining grouting number based on the reliable probability is got. Combined with the engineering example of Shouyun Iron Mine, this paper puts forward the reliability criteria of working state of hierarchical multiple high-pressure grouting. Through the probability calculation, the best number of grouting is 4 times. The tests of permeability of rock mass and drawing force verify the accuracy of this determination method.

Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R392-R401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Daryl P. Wilkerson ◽  
Nicolas J. Berger ◽  
Jonathan Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knee Extension Exercise

We hypothesized that a period of endurance training would result in a speeding of muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) kinetics over the fundamental phase of the response and a reduction in the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component during high-intensity exercise. Six male subjects (age 26 ± 5 yr) completed 5 wk of single-legged knee-extension exercise training with the alternate leg serving as a control. Before and after the intervention period, the subjects completed incremental and high-intensity step exercise tests of 6-min duration with both legs separately inside the bore of a whole-body magnetic resonance spectrometer. The time-to-exhaustion during incremental exercise was not changed in the control leg [preintervention group (PRE): 19.4 ± 2.3 min vs. postintervention group (POST): 19.4 ± 1.9 min] but was significantly increased in the trained leg (PRE: 19.6 ± 1.6 min vs. POST: 22.0 ± 2.2 min; P < 0.05). During step exercise, there were no significant changes in the control leg, but end-exercise pH and [PCr] were higher after vs. before training. The time constant for the [PCr] kinetics over the fundamental exponential region of the response was not significantly altered in either the control leg (PRE: 40 ± 13 s vs. POST: 43 ± 10 s) or the trained leg (PRE: 38 ± 8 s vs. POST: 40 ± 12 s). However, the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component was significantly reduced in the trained leg (PRE: 15 ± 7 vs. POST: 7 ± 7% change in [PCr]; P < 0.05) with there being no change in the control leg (PRE: 13 ± 8 vs. POST: 12 ± 10% change in [PCr]). The attenuation of the [PCr] slow component might be mechanistically linked with enhanced exercise tolerance following endurance training.

scholarly journals Effects of alternating blood flow restricted training and heavy-load resistance training on myofiber morphology and mechanical muscle function

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1523-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Hansen ◽  
J. Ratzer ◽  
J. L. Nielsen ◽  
C. Suetta ◽  
A. Karlsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Myonuclear Domain ◽  
First Time

The present data demonstrate that periodically substituting heavy-load resistance training (HL-RT) with low-load blood flow restricted resistance training (BFR-RT) leads to similar gains in type II myofiber CSA and muscle strength as achieved by HL-RT alone. Furthermore, we have for the first time evaluated myonuclear content and myonuclear domain size before and after training intervention across separate fiber size clusters and found no within-cluster changes for these parameters with training.

scholarly journals «Raccogliere, pubblicare, illustrare carte». Editori ed edizioni di documenti medievali in Lombardia tra Otto e Novecento

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmarco De Angelis
Keyword(s):  
Medieval Studies ◽  
State Identity ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
Italian Unification ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Shed Light

A long Eighteenth Century, in continuity with the erudite tradition and the editorial method of Muratori, and a very brief Nineteenth Century, between the first decade after Italian Unification and the eve of the Great War, when a new and (at last) professional generation of scholars (Bonelli, Vittani, Torelli, Manaresi) brought a sweeping change in the field of palaeographic and diplomatic researches and of publications of medieval legal documents: these two are the coordinates (conceptual earlier than chronological) of the present monography, that for the first time deals in a historiographical perspective with a crucial season of Medieval studies in Lombardy, concentrating upon careers, projects and works of its protagonists. The focus is on the editors and editions of charters, but around them we find many other individuals and institutions of the regional and national cultural scene. The Leitmotiv is the delineation of a modern philogical method in the editions of Lombard sources, but the wider context is represented by more general (and stronger, and ideologically characterised) themes of Medieval Studies before and after the national Unification of Italy: the problems of Lombard legacy, the myth of communal age in the Risorgimento culture, the Visconti-Sforza state identity. Finally, this study about editors and editions of medieval charters in Lombardy allows to shed light on the organization of regional historical research, within an intense (and not always simple) dialogue between the hegemonic Milanese capital and the proud local traditions of the other towns and provinces.

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