scholarly journals Excessive energy expenditure due to acute physical restraint disrupts Drosophila motivational feeding response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Gordon ◽  
Pavel Masek
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Nutrient Storage ◽  
Specific Behavior ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractTo study the behavior of Drosophila, it is often necessary to restrain and mount individual flies. This requires removal from food, additional handling, anesthesia, and physical restraint. We find a strong positive correlation between the length of time flies are mounted and their subsequent reflexive feeding response, where one hour of mounting is the approximate motivational equivalent to ten hours of fasting. In an attempt to explain this correlation, we rule out anesthesia side-effects, handling, additional fasting, and desiccation. We use respirometric and metabolic techniques coupled with behavioral video scoring to assess energy expenditure in mounted and free flies. We isolate a specific behavior capable of exerting large amounts of energy in mounted flies and identify it as an attempt to escape from restraint. We present a model where physical restraint leads to elevated activity and subsequent faster nutrient storage depletion among mounted flies. This ultimately further accelerates starvation and thus increases reflexive feeding response. In addition, we show that the consequences of the physical restraint profoundly alter aerobic activity, energy depletion, taste, and feeding behavior, and suggest that careful consideration is given to the time-sensitive nature of these highly significant effects when conducting behavioral, physiological or imaging experiments that require immobilization.

scholarly journals Lessons Learned in the Delivery of Live Remote Group Weight Loss and Physical Activity Interventions for Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 281-281
Author(s):  
Jason Fanning ◽  
Barbara Nicklas
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Effective Group

Abstract Social connection lies at the root of lasting health behavior change, and as such most effective interventions are built around social tools. Group leaders and peers provide education, and act as models of successful change and collaborators in addressing common barriers to behavioral adoption and maintenance. Unfortunately, many older adults do not have access to high quality group programs due to factors such as limited transport options, lack of local availability, or worries over personal safety. Importantly, developing effective, synchronous remote group programming is not as simple as delivering an in-person session via teleconference software. Instead, careful consideration must be paid to technology selection, fostering effective group communication, and developing confidence for use of remote intervention tools. This symposium provides key lessons learned from three group-based activity and weight loss interventions for older adults that focused on live, remote interaction. Jason Fanning will share lessons from the MORPH study, which paired remote group-mediated behavioral counseling with dietary weight loss and the accumulation of aerobic activity across the day. Christina Hugenschmidt will share her experiences adapting a group program involving improvisational dance or social gaming for remote delivery. Kushang Patel will present results from a mixed-methods study on the feasibility and acceptability of a remotely-delivered exercise program for older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Finally, Barbara Nicklas will place these experiences in the context of the development of exercise interventions for older adults over time, and highlighting vital next steps for ensuring more older adults have access to this important behavioral medicine.

scholarly journals Tantangan Mencegah Eigenrichting dalam Bingkai Komunikasi Sosial

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Alen Manggola
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Presumption Of Innocence ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Rule Out

The purpose of this study is to see the description of vigilante or eigenrichting in social communication. The method in this study uses a quantitative approach, with explanatory research methods. The results of the study that this act of vigilantism (Eigenrichting) is then in the national legal order contrary to the principle of presumption of innocence. So a person should not be convicted or not without going through a legal process, because there is a possibility that someone is innocent but becomes a victim of vigilantism. The conclusion of the research shows that vigilante will respond to situations that are full of undirected ambition into a spurring attitude, that something needs careful consideration before acting, because it does not rule out the possibility that it will result in greater losses.   Keywords: Eigenrichting, Social Communication.  

Nitrification activity in acid soils of north-eastern Victoria, Australia, as affected by liming and phosphorus fertilisation

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Islam ◽  
R. E. White ◽  
D. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ph Response ◽  
Nitrification Activity ◽  
Simple Effect ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Elevated Activity

A short-term nitrification assay (SNA) was used to measure the activity of soil nitrifiers and their response to pH change in acid pasture soils (pH 4.8–5.3 in water) at the sites of Maindample and Ruffy in north-eastern Victoria, Australia. Changes in soil pH associated with lime applications in the field resulted in a change in the optimum pH (pHopt) of the nitrifying organisms in the range 4.93–6.94. Nitrification in these soils was predominantly autotrophic, and rates increased from 0.18 to 0.93 μg NO3–-N/g.h with increasing pH. The strong positive correlation between field soil pH and the respective pHopt values suggested that the indigenous nitrifier population had adapted to the change in soil pH. SNA measurements within 6 months of lime application to Maindample soil showed that the soil nitrifying organisms had rapidly adapted to the pH change. However, the residual effect of lime on nitrifier activity was long-lasting (up to 8 years) and may involve more than a simple effect on soil pH. Repeat application of lime further enhanced nitrification activity on an already elevated activity, but only if sufficient time was allowed (>3 years) after the earlier application. Phosphate applications to these soils did not affect the general pH response in nitrifier activity. Both soils had considerable capacity for nitrification, even at pHs much lower than the commonly accepted range for autotrophic nitrifiers.

The energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1849
Author(s):  
SR Telford ◽  
PI Webb
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
In The Wild

We determined the energetic cost of copulation in both sexes of Alloporus uncinatus, a polygynandrous millipede in which copulation can last for several hours and involves physical restraint of the female by the male. We found an elevation in the rate of oxygen consumption by males and a depression in the rate of oxygen consumption by females during copulation. The rate of oxygen consumption of females, but not of males, was elevated immediately after copulation, indicating that females had built up and were repaying an oxygen debt. On this basis, we estimated energy expenditure during copulation to be 30 % above resting levels in males and 14 % above resting levels in females. As matings are frequent in this species in the wild throughout the 4 month breeding season, we suggest that the energetic demands of copulation are a previously overlooked potentially significant cost of reproduction in this species and in other invertebrate species with similar mating patterns.

Deuterium and oxygen-18 abundance in birds: implications for DLW energetics studies

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. R804-R812 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tatner
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
European Robin ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Report Data ◽  
A Minor

The doubly labeled water (DLW) technique for measuring energy expenditure may employ one (18O) or two (18O and deuterium) stable isotopes as tracers. These occur naturally in the environment, so when they are used as tracers it is necessary to subtract the background levels. Few studies report data on background concentrations. This work provides such data for a range of avian species. Overall, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.63) between the 18O and deuterium concentrations in birds' body water. Variation in the deuterium concentration was less extensive than in the 18O concentration (1:2.7 parts/million). In the European robin, there was a linked, seasonal variation in 18O and deuterium abundance producing high summer and low winter values. Throughout the year, a high individual variability was greater in 18O than in deuterium. A difference between the European robin and the dipper suggests that habitat may also influence background abundance. Investigation of the effect of variation in background abundance on measures of energy expenditure for small passerines (20 g) revealed that employing estimates, instead of direct measurements, had a minor influence over an experimental period of 1 day but could potentially introduce errors as large as 54% over a 2-day period.

Refinement, Alternatives, and Extensions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander R. Pruss
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relation ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Precise Formulation ◽  
Grim Reaper ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Rule Out

A number of questions concerning the precise formulation of causal finitism—mainly, the question of what causal relation counts for generating causal histories—are raised, and solutions are surveyed. It turns out that the Grim Reaper paradox is more subtle than we saw in Chapter 3, and requires careful consideration. Alternatives to causal finitism are considered. The three main ones are: finitism simpliciter, the no-room theory on which space and time lack the room for paradoxical infinities, and Huemer’s rejection of infinite intensive magnitudes. Finitism was already rejected in Chapter 1 on grounds of conflict with mathematics. The no-room solution only works if it implies causal finitism. And Huemer’s solution has some serious difficulties. Finally, extensions of causal finitism to rule out causal loops and infinite explanatory chains are considered.

scholarly journals Metabolic Differences During Submaximal, Steady-State Aerobic Exercise between Sarcopenic and Non-Sarcopenic Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 524-524
Author(s):  
Marni Shoemaker ◽  
Vikkie Mustad ◽  
Suzette Pereira ◽  
Zachary Gillen ◽  
Brianna McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Flexibility ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Submaximal Aerobic Exercise

Abstract Objectives To examine differences in metabolic flexibility during submaximal aerobic exercise in sarcopenic (S) and non-sarcopenic (NS) older adults. Methods Twenty-two older adults (mean age ± SE = 77 ± 2) were categorized as NS (n = 11) and S (n = 11) based on grip strength and muscle mass. Participants completed an aerobic, steady-state 10-min walk on a treadmill at 50 – 60% of their estimated V̇O2 max. Indirect calorimetry was assessed at baseline (fasted) and during the treadmill test to analyze respiratory quotient (RQ), carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and fat oxidation, and % contributions of CHO and fat oxidation to energy expenditure (%CHO and %FAT, respectively). Two-way mixed factorial ANOVAS (time x group) and follow up t-tests were used to examine between group differences. Results At baseline, RQ was higher (0.76 ± 0.01 vs. 0.72 ± 0.01, p = 0.025) and fat oxidation was lower (0.08 ± 0.01 vs. 0.11 ± 0.01 g · min−1, p = 0.003) in S than NS individuals. The S group had significantly greater %CHO versus %FAT from 6 – 10 min of exercise (p = 0.005–0.014), whereas NS individuals maintained an approximately equal distribution of %CHO and %FAT until 8 – 10 min (p = 0.034–0.047). RQ (0.90 ± 0.06 vs. 0.86 ± 0.01, p = 0.039) and %CHO (70% vs. 57%, p = 0.046) were greater in S compared to NS at 8 min of exercise. Fat oxidation was consistently higher in NS than S individuals from 4 - 10 of min exercise (p = 0.016–0.045). Conclusions Since skeletal muscle utilizes a large amount of energy during exercise, metabolic flexibility is key to efficiently utilize both CHO and fat sources to generate energy to match metabolic demands. Our data reveals that NS individuals were able to rely on both fuel sources during submaximal exercise indicating metabolic flexibility. Typically, exercising at 50 – 60% V̇O2 max utilizes 50% CHO and 50% fat contributions to energy expenditure, as observed in NS individuals. On the other hand, in S individuals, CHO composed a much larger proportion of total energy usage during exercise. These findings suggest that S individuals have low metabolic flexibility with higher dependence on CHO for energy during low-moderate aerobic activity. Funding Sources This study was funded by Abbott Nutrition.

A rapid method for the direct identification of paramyxovirus in canine CSF by ultracentrifugation and negative staining as a rule out for distemper

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
W.L. Steffens ◽  
M.B. Ard ◽  
C.E. Greene ◽  
A. Jaggy
Keyword(s):  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Rule Out

Canine distemper is a multisystemic contagious viral disease having a worldwide distribution, a high mortality rate, and significant central neurologic system (CNS) complications. In its systemic manifestations, it is often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and history. Few definitive antemortem diagnostic tests exist, and most are limited to the detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques on tissues or cytologic specimens or high immunoglobulin levels in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Diagnosis of CNS distemper is often unreliable due to the relatively low cell count in CSF (<50 cells/μl) and the binding of blocking immunoglobulins in CSF to cell surfaces. A more reliable and definitive test might be possible utilizing direct morphologic detection of the etiologic agent. Distemper is the canine equivalent of human measles, in that both involve a closely related member of the Paramyxoviridae, both produce mucosal inflammation, and may produce CNS complications. In humans, diagnosis of measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is through negative stain identification of whole or incomplete viral particles in patient CSF.

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