scholarly journals Modality-specific improvements in sensory processing among baseball players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koya Yamashiro ◽  
Yudai Yamazaki ◽  
Kanako Siiya ◽  
Koyuki Ikarashi ◽  
Yasuhiro Baba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
P100 Latency ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Nogo Trial ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Nogo Potentials

AbstractLong-term skills training is known to induce neuroplastic alterations, but it is still debated whether these changes are always modality-specific or can be supramodal components. To address this issue, we compared finger-targeted somatosensory-evoked and auditory-evoked potentials under both Go (response) and Nogo (response inhibition) conditions between 10 baseball players, who require fine hand/digit skills and response inhibition, to 12 matched track and field (T&F) athletes. Electroencephalograms were obtained at nine cortical electrode positions. Go potentials, Nogo potentials, and Go/Nogo reaction time (Go/Nogo RT) were measured during equiprobable somatosensory and auditory Go/Nogo paradigms. Nogo potentials were obtained by subtracting Go trial from Nogo trial responses. Somatosensory Go P100 latency and Go/Nogo RT were significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group, while auditory Go N100 latency and Go/Nogo RT did not differ between groups. Additionally, somatosensory subtracted Nogo N2 latency was significantly shorter in the baseball group than the T&F group. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between somatosensory Go/Nogo RT and both Go P100 latency and subtracted Nogo N2 latency, but no significant correlations among auditory responses. We speculate that long-term skills training induce predominantly modality-specific neuroplastic changes that can improve both execution and response inhibition.

scholarly journals Universal constraints on protein evolution in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Maddamsetti
Keyword(s):  
Protein Evolution ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Protein Thermostability ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Evolution Experiment ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractAlthough it is well known that highly expressed and highly interacting proteins evolve slowly across the tree of life, there is little consensus for why this is true. Here, I report that highly abundant and highly interacting proteins evolve slowly in the hypermutator populations of Lenski’s long-term evolution experiment with E. coli (LTEE). Specifically, the density of observed mutations per gene, as measured in metagenomic time series covering 60,000 generations of the LTEE, strongly anti-correlates with mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and degree of protein-protein interaction. Weaker positive correlations between protein thermostability and mutation density are observed in the hypermutator populations, counterbalanced by negative correlations between protein thermostability and mRNA and protein abundance. These results show that universal constraints on protein evolution are visible in data spanning three decades of experimental evolution. Therefore, it should be possible to design experiments to answer why highly expressed and highly interacting proteins evolve slowly.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects from a School-Based Trial Comparing Interpersonal Psychotherapy-Adolescent Skills Training to Group Counseling

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (sup1) ◽  
pp. S362-S370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami F. Young ◽  
Jason D. Jones ◽  
Marissa D. Sbrilli ◽  
Jessica S. Benas ◽  
Carolyn N. Spiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Counseling ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Interpersonal Psychotherapy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
School Based

Auditory Responses

2017 ◽  
pp. 200-213
Author(s):  
Riitta Hari ◽  
Aina Puce
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Auditory Evoked Responses ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Auditory Cortices

This chapter briefly describes the various types of evoked and event-related responses that can be recorded in response to auditory stimulation, such as clicks and tones, and speech. Transient auditory-evoked responses are generally grouped into three major categories according to their latencies: (a) brainstem auditory evoked potentials occur within the first 10 ms, typically with 5–7 deflections, (b) middle-latency auditory-evoked potentials occur within 12 to 50 ms, and (c) long-latency auditory-evoked potentials range from about 50 to 250 ms with generators in the supratemporal auditory cortex. Steady-state auditory responses can be elicited by periodic stimuli, They can be used in frequency-tagging experiments, for example in following inputs from the left and right ear to the auditory cortices of both hemispheres.

Field-scale variability of soil test phosphorus and other nutrients in grasslands under long-term agricultural managements

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijun Fu ◽  
Keli Zhao ◽  
Peikun Jiang ◽  
Zhengqian Ye ◽  
Hubert Tunney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
The North ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus

Field-scale variation of soil nutrients in grassland is becoming important because of the use of soil-nutrient information as a basis for policies such as the recently introduced EU Nitrates Directive. This study investigates the field-scale variability of soil-test phosphorus (STP) and other nutrients in two grasslands with a long-term history of poultry litter application. Two fields (field 1 for silage and field 2 for grazing pasture) were selected, and soil samples were collected based on 12 m by 12 m (field 1) and 15 m by 15 m (field 2) grids. Data were analysed using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographic information system (GIS). In field 1, STP values ranged from 12.4 to 90 mg L–1 (average 38.5 mg L–1). In field 2, STP values ranged from 4.3 to 130.0 mg L–1 (average 21.4 mg L–1). Attention should be paid to long-term poultry application, as the average STP values in both fields were much greater than the recommended agronomic optimum STP status in Ireland of 8 mg L–1. Coefficient of variation values of soil nutrients in field 2 were much higher than those in field 1. Log-transformation and Box–Cox transformation were applied to achieve normality. Statistically significant (P < 0.01), positive correlations between P and other nutrients were found in both fields. Exponential and spherical models were fitted to the experimental variograms of STP in fields 1 and 2, respectively. Compared with the counterparts in field 1, soil nutrients in field 2 had larger ‘nugget-to-sill’ values, revealing that sheep grazing could weaken the spatial auto-correlation of soil nutrients. A grid of 60 m by 60 m was recommended for soil sampling in grassland, based on this study. High STP concentrations in field 1 were in the north-eastern side, which was related to uneven poultry litter application. Strong spatial similarity of low STP, magnesium, and pH values in their spatial distribution were found in field 2, confirming their strong statistical correlation.

scholarly journals Which Environmental Factor Is Correlated with Long-Term Multiple Sclerosis Incidence Trends: Ultraviolet B Radiation or Geomagnetic Disturbances?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Seyed Aidin Sajedi ◽  
Fahimeh Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Geomagnetic Disturbance ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Geomagnetic Disturbances ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Ultraviolet B Radiation ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Positive Correlations

Background. Insufficient received ultraviolet B radiation (UV) is regarded as the main environmental risk factor (RF) for MS in vitamin D deficiency hypothesis. Nevertheless, geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) has also been proposed as a potential trigger for MS in GMD hypothesis. The aim of this study was to investigate which of these mentioned RF is correlated with long-term ultradecadal MS incidence. Methods. After a systematic search, long-term incidence reports of the United Kingdom (UK), Denmark, Tayside County, Nordland County, the Orkney, and Shetland Islands were selected for this retrospective time-series study. Possible lead-lag relationships between MS incidence, GMD, and UV were evaluated by cross-correlation analysis. Results. Significant positive correlations between GMD and MS incidence were seen in Tayside County (at lag of 2 years: rS = 0.38), Denmark (peak correlation at lag of 2 years: rS = 0.53), and UK (at lag of 1 year: rS = 0.50). We found a positive correlation between received UV and MS incidences in the Nordland at lag of 1 year (rS = 0.49). Conclusion. This study found significant positive correlations between alterations in GMD with alterations in long-term MS incidence in three out of six studied locations and supports the GMD hypothesis. The observed significant correlation between MS and UV is positive; hence it is not supportive for UV related vitamin D deficiency hypothesis.

Effects of a Long-Term Fitness Program on Professional Baseball Players

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrick C. Hagerman ◽  
Larry M. Starr ◽  
Thomas F. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Fitness Program
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