scholarly journals Lesion of the hippocampus selectively enhances LEC’s activity during recognition memory based on familiarity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv Mahnke ◽  
Erika Atucha ◽  
Eneko Pina-Fernàndez ◽  
Takashi Kitsukawa ◽  
Magdalena M. Sauvage
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Tonic Inhibition ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Enhance Activity ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe sense of familiarity for events is crucial for successful recognition memory. However, the neural substrate and mechanisms supporting familiarity remain unclear. A major controversy in memory research is whether the parahippocampal areas, especially the lateral entorhinal (LEC) and the perirhinal (PER) cortices, support familiarity or whether the hippocampus (HIP) does. In addition, it is unclear if LEC, PER and HIP interact within this frame. Here, we especially investigate if LEC and PER's contribution to familiarity depends on hippocampal integrity. To do so, we compare LEC and PER neural activity between rats with intact hippocampus performing on a human to rat translational task relying on both recollection and familiarity and rats with hippocampal lesions that have been shown to then rely on familiarity to perform the same task. Using high resolution Immediate Early Gene imaging, we report that hippocampal lesions enhance activity in LEC during familiarity judgments but not PER’s. These findings suggest that different mechanisms support familiarity in LEC and PER and led to the hypothesis that HIP might exert a tonic inhibition on LEC during recognition memory that is released when HIP is compromised, possibly constituting a compensatory mechanism in aging and amnesic patients.

scholarly journals Lesion of The Hippocampus Selectively Enhances LEC's Activity During Recognition Memory Based On Familiarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv Mahnke ◽  
Erika Atucha ◽  
Eneko Pina-Fernàndez ◽  
Takashi Kitsukawa ◽  
Magdalena M. Sauvage
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Tonic Inhibition ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Enhance Activity ◽  
Do So

Abstract The sense of familiarity for events is crucial for successful recognition memory. However, the neural substrate and mechanisms supporting familiarity remain unclear. A major controversy in memory research is whether the parahippocampal areas, especially the lateral entorhinal (LEC) and the perirhinal (PER) cortices, support familiarity or whether the hippocampus (HIP) does. In addition, it is unclear if LEC, PER and HIP interact within this frame. Here, we especially investigate if LEC and PER's contribution to familiarity depends on hippocampal integrity. To do so, we compare LEC and PER neural activity between rats with intact hippocampus performing on a human to rat translational task relying on both recollection and familiarity and rats with hippocampal lesions that have been shown to then rely on familiarity to perform the same task. Using high resolution Immediate Early Gene imaging, we report that hippocampal lesions enhance activity in LEC during familiarity judgments but not PER’s. These findings suggest that different mechanisms support familiarity in LEC and PER and led to the hypothesis that HIP might exert a tonic inhibition on LEC during recognition memory that is released when HIP is compromised, possibly constituting a compensatory mechanism in aging and amnesic patients.

scholarly journals Recognition memory: familiarity signals increase selectively in the lateral entorhinal cortex following hippocampal lesions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liv Mahnke ◽  
Erika Atucha ◽  
Takashi Kitsukawa ◽  
Magdalena M. Sauvage
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Tonic Inhibition ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Enhance Activity

AbstractThe sense of familiarity for events is crucial for successful recognition memory. However, the neural substrate and mechanisms supporting familiarity remain unclear. Some human and animal studies suggest that the lateral entorhinal (LEC) and the perirhinal (PER) cortices might be essential for familiarity judgments while others attribute this function to the hippocampus (HIP) and it is unclear whether LEC, PER and HIP interact within this frame. Here, we especially investigate if LEC and PER’s contribution to familiarity depends on hippocampal integrity. Using a human to rat translational memory task and high resolution IEG imaging, we report that hippocampal lesions selectively enhance activity in LEC during familiarity judgments. These findings suggest that different mechanisms support familiarity in LEC and PER and, that HIP might exert a tonic inhibition on LEC during recognition memory that might be released when HIP is compromised, possibly constituting a compensatory mechanism in aging and amnesic patients.

Reducing the Harm of Criminal Victimization: The Role of Restitution

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Hoskins Haynes ◽  
Alison C. Cares ◽  
R. Barry Ruback
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Interpersonal Justice ◽  
Criminal Victimization ◽  
Do So

Restitution is a court-ordered payment by offenders to their victims to cover the victims’ economic losses resulting from the crime. These losses can be substantial and can harm victims and victims’ families both directly and indirectly. But most victims do not receive reparation for their injuries, both because judges do not always impose restitution and because of problems with collecting restitution payments, even if there is a court order to do so. In this article, we review the literature on restitution and suggest that this compensatory mechanism is necessary to restore victims to where they were before the crime occurred. But monetary restitution alone is not sufficient. Making victims whole requires not only financial compensation from the offender but also procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice from the criminal justice system.

Imagine imaging neural activity in crying infants and in their caring parents

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Laureys ◽  
Serge Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Objective Measurement ◽  
Signal Function ◽  
Infant Crying ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
Neural Substrate

Soltis' paper contains little data on the underlying neural substrate of the discussed signal function of early infant crying – probably because there is amazingly little known about it. We here discuss the interest of functional neuroimaging as an objective measurement of brain activity in (1) early infants during crying and (2) parents hearing their offspring cry.

scholarly journals Warning Signals Influence Motor Processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1600-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian H. Fecteau ◽  
Douglas P. Munoz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Target Task ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Fixation Marker ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

When observers initiate responses to visual targets, they do so sooner when a preceding stimulus indicates that the target will appear shortly. This consequence of a warning signal may change neural activity in one of four ways. On the sensory side, the warning signal may speed up the rate at which the target is registered by the brain or enhance the magnitude of its signal. On the motor end, the warning signal may lower the threshold required to initiate a response or speed up the rate at which activity accumulates to reach threshold. Here, we describe which explanation is better supported. To accomplish this end, monkeys performed different versions of a cue-target task while we monitored the activity of visuomotor and motor neurons in the superior colliculus. Although the cue target task was designed to measure the properties of reflexive spatial attention, there are two events in this task that produce nonspecific warning effects: a central reorienting event (brightening of central fixation marker) that is used to direct attention away from the cue, and the presentation of the cue itself. Monopolizing on these tendencies, we show that warning effects are associated with several changes in neural activity: the target-related response is enhanced, the threshold for initiating a saccade is lowered, and the rate at which activity accumulates toward threshold rises faster. Ultimately, the accumulation of activity toward threshold predicted behavior most closely. In the discussion, we describe the implications and limitations of these data for theories of warning effects and potential avenues for future research.

Effects of acute psychosocial stress on neural activity to emotional and neutral faces in a face recognition memory paradigm

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijia Li ◽  
Riklef Weerda ◽  
Christopher Milde ◽  
Oliver T. Wolf ◽  
Christiane M. Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Acute Psychosocial Stress

scholarly journals Chronic optogenetic stimulation of hippocampal engrams variably modulates social behaviors in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Doucette ◽  
Heloise Leblanc ◽  
Amy Monasterio ◽  
Christine Cincotta ◽  
Stephanie L. Grella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Chronic Stimulation ◽  
Optogenetic Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractThe hippocampus processes both spatial-temporal information and emotionally salient experiences. To test the functional properties of discrete sets of cells in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), we examined whether chronic optogenetic reactivation of these ensembles was sufficient to modulate social behaviors in mice. We found that chronic reactivation of dDG cells in male mice was sufficient to enhance social behaviors in a female exposure task when compared to pre-stimulation levels. However, chronic reactivation of these cells was not sufficient to modulate group differences in a separate subset of social behaviors, and multi-region analysis of neural activity did not yield detectable differences in immediate-early gene expression or neurogenesis, suggesting a dissociation between our chronic stimulation-induced behavioral effects and underlying neural responses. Together, our results demonstrate that chronic optogenetic stimulation of cells processing valent experiences enduringly and unidirectionally modulates social interactions between male and female mice.

scholarly journals Single Image-Based Vignetting Correction for Improving the Consistency of Neural Activity Analysis in 2-Photon Functional Microscopy

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Li ◽  
Guangyu Wang ◽  
René Werner ◽  
Hong Xie ◽  
Ji-Song Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
Image Intensity ◽  
Neuron Populations

High-resolution functional 2-photon microscopy of neural activity is a cornerstone technique in current neuroscience, enabling, for instance, the image-based analysis of relations of the organization of local neuron populations and their temporal neural activity patterns. Interpreting local image intensity as a direct quantitative measure of neural activity presumes, however, a consistent within- and across-image relationship between the image intensity and neural activity, which may be subject to interference by illumination artifacts. In particular, the so-called vignetting artifact—the decrease of image intensity toward the edges of an image—is, at the moment, widely neglected in the context of functional microscopy analyses of neural activity, but potentially introduces a substantial center-periphery bias of derived functional measures. In the present report, we propose a straightforward protocol for single image-based vignetting correction. Using immediate-early gene-based 2-photon microscopic neural image data of the mouse brain, we show the necessity of correcting both image brightness and contrast to improve within- and across-image intensity consistency and demonstrate the plausibility of the resulting functional data.

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