scholarly journals Production of valuable chemicals from glycerol using carbon fiber catalysts derived from ethylene

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Malaika ◽  
Karolina Ptaszyńska ◽  
Mieczysław Kozłowski
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Filamentous Carbon ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Acidic Sites ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

AbstractEthylene was thermocatalytically transformed into carbon products via a CCVD process. The filamentous carbon obtained was further modified with concentrated sulfuric acid or 4‐benzenediazonium sulfonate (BDS) to produce acid-type catalysts. The as-prepared samples were characterized by SEM and TEM techniques to confirm their morphological features. TG, XRD, elemental, and porosity analyses were also performed to assess the quality of these materials. The fabricated carbons were tested in eco-friendly green synthesis of value-added fuel bio-additives, namely in glycerol esterification. The reaction of glycerol transformation was performed with acetic acid at 80 °C using different glycerol to acetic acid (Gly/AA) molar ratios. The samples functionalized with diazonium salt showed better performance in the above process than those modified with H2SO4, and this was found to be directly related to the degree of surface functionalization with acidic sites. BDS-modified carbon fibers allowed obtaining acceptable results within 6 h when the reaction was performed with a Gly/AA molar ratio of 1:6, however, the dominant products in this case were mono- and diacetins. Extended reaction time altered the distribution of products. Finally, the combined selectivity to the targeted acetins (i.e., DA and TA) was about 75.5%. A direct correlation between the content of –SO3H groups of CNFs and the yield of higher acetins was found.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

Evaluating the potential of different carbon sources to promote denitrification

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
J. C. Dlamini ◽  
D. Chadwick ◽  
J. M. B. Hawkins ◽  
J. Martinez ◽  
D. Scholefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Organic Soil Amendments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Denitrification Process

AbstractOrganic carbon (C) plays an essential role in the denitrification process as it supplies energy for N2O, N2 and CO2 producing reactions. The objectives of this study were to: (i) rank the reactivity of different C compounds found in manures based on their availability for denitrification and (ii) explore C-quality in different C sources based on their capacity to promote denitrification. Evaluation of different C-sources in promoting denitrification was conducted based on the molar ratio of CO2 production to NO3− reduction after incubation. Results of the first experiment (a 12-day investigation) showed that glucose and glucosamine were highly reactive C compounds with all applied NO3− being exhausted by day 3, and glucosamine had significantly high amount of NH4+-N present at end of the experiment. The glucose and glucosamine treatments resulted in significantly greater cumulative CO2 production, compared to the other treatments. In the second experiment (a 9-day investigation), all NO3− had been depleted by day 6 and 9 from acetic acid and glucose, respectively, and the greatest cumulative CO2 production was from acetic acid. The CO2 appearance to NO3− molar ratios revealed that glucose and glucosamine were compounds with highly available C in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the pig slurry and acetic acid were found to be C-sources that promoted potential denitrification. The application of slurry to soil results in the promotion of denitrification and this depends on the availability of the C compounds it contains. Understanding the relationship between C availability and denitrification potential is useful for developing denitrification mitigation strategies for organic soil amendments.

scholarly journals Production of value-added chemicals from esterification of waste glycerol over MCM-41 supported catalysts

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Kaya Ekinci ◽  
Nuray Oktar
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Mcm 41

Abstract A series of active and selective MCM-41 supported catalysts have been successfully prepared and used for bioderived glycerol esterification with acetic acid to produce fuel additives. In the synthesis of MCM-41, an acidic hydrothermal synthesis route was used, and silicotungstic acid (STA) and zirconia (ZrO2) were added to the catalyst structure by wet impregnation. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis were used for characterizations of the catalysts. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy analyses of pyridine-adsorbed catalysts owns Lewis and Brønsted acidity hosting in one, which promotes the esterification reaction of glycerol into glycerol esters with high selectivity. Esterification of glycerol reactions were performed at temperature intervals of 105°C–200°C, with an amount of catalyst equal to 0.5 g, and glycerol/acetic acid molar ratio of 1:6 in a stirred autoclave reactor operated batchwise. STA and ZrO2-impregnated MCM-41 catalysts showed better performance with a complete glycerol conversion and high selectivity to triacetin.

Production of iso-Amyl Acetate: Heterogeneous Kinetics and Techno-feasibility Evaluation for Catalytic Distillation

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Saha ◽  
A. Alqahtani ◽  
H.T.R. Teo
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Catalyst Particle ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Amyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Heterogeneous Kinetics ◽  
Esterification Reactions

Esterification reactions are typically equilibrium limited, and face challenges with product purification. They are carried out commercially using either large excess of one of the reactants, or by removing one of the products continuously in a reactive distillation column (RDC). In the present work, we studied the kinetics of esterification reactions of dilute acetic acid with iso-amyl alcohol to produce a value added ester (iso-amyl acetate) using ion-exchange resins, Purolite® CT-175 and CT-275 as catalysts in a batch reactor. The effect of agitation speed, catalyst particle size, reaction temperature, acetic acid concentration, acetic acid to iso-amyl alcohol molar ratio and catalyst loadings were investigated to optimise the reaction conditions. The non-ideality of each species in the reacting mixture was accounted for by using the activity coefficient via the use of the UNIFAC group contribution method. The kinetic data were correlated with Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) and Eley-Rideal (E-R) models. The detailed kinetic data and a reliable rate expression for the esterification of acetic acid with an aliphatic alcohol (iso-amyl alcohol) would be useful for the simulation and design of an RDC for removing dilute acetic acid from aqueous streams. Another objective of this work was to evaluate the techno-feasibility of this operation through a systematic procedure of residue curve map (RCM). RCM gives a design engineer an idea of the existence of any separation boundaries imposed by the singular points corresponding to the reactive or kinetic azeotropes and thereby provide an insight into the feasibility of the desired operation. In the present study, RCM was generated for the quaternary system (acetic acid - iso-amyl alcohol - iso-amyl acetate - water) under different conditions to work out the feasibility of the operation. This map also suggests possible column sequencing or configurations to achieve a desired duty in an RDC.

Characterization and Catalytic Performance of Modified SBA-16 in Liquid Phase Reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simsek Veli ◽  
Avci Pinar
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Pluronic F127 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Liquid Phase Reaction

Abstract A new mesoporous silica SBA-16 (called SP-16) was prepared by the direct hydrothermal method using Pluronic F127 (triblock copolymer; EO106PO70EO106) as surfactant and TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) as silica source. The catalyst property of the SBA-16 was attained by loading the STA (Silicotungstic acid) active compound. The loading contents of STA were determined between 5 % and 40 % based on weight ratio of W and Si (W/Si). Catalytic activities and sustainability of SP-16 (10–20 %, W/Si) catalysts were determined by esterification (liquid phase reaction methanol and acetic acid) reactions at 343-353K, under autogenic pressure, 1/1–1/2 feed molar ratios (methanol/acetic acid) and in the presence of 0.4 g catalyst in the semi-batch reactor for 6 - 24h. Acetic acid conversion values of 10 and 20 % catalysts with 1/1 molar ratio at the end of 24h were obtained as 32–52.9 % and 47–60 %, respectively. On the other hand, when 1/2 molar ratio at 353K was used, 20 % catalyst showed 82.2 % conversion. Moreover, a second reaction experiment of 10 % catalyst was also carried out in identical conditions in the presence of catalyst recovered after the first methyl acetate reaction. The first and second reaction results of 10 % catalyst indicated that catalytic activity and sustainability were preserved for both 6 and 24h analyses. The physical properties of the materials obtained were investigated by Nitrogen sorption at 77K (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Multiple Internal Reflection (DRIFT), Thermo-gravimetry/Differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and MAPPING analysis methods.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF [AcMI] HSO4 AND USING AS CATALYST FOR ESTERIFICATION

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Thu Ngoc Ha Le ◽  
Thach Ngoc Le
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Chloroacetic Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfate ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid ◽  
Acidic Sites ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Zwitter Ion ◽  
Optimal Reaction

New Bronsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [AcMI]HSO4, has two acidic sites -COOH and HSO4 -. It has been synthesized by three steps. First, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [AcMI]Cl was prepared by alkylation of 1- methylimidazole with chloroacetic acid (molar ratio is 1.5:1) under microwave irradiation in 6 min (84 % isolated yield). Then, zwitter ion 1-carboxylatmethyl-3-methylimidazolium was obtained by using Ag2O to remove ion chloride Cl- from [AcMI]Cl. At last, concentrated sulfuric acid (98 %) was added into zwitter ion to give 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (yield 96 %). This ionic liquid used as a recyclabe catalyst for the esterification of isopropanol and chloroacetic acid. The optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: isopropanol: chloroacetic acid:[AcMI]HSO4 are 1.3:1:0.2, reaction time for 10 min at 60 oC under microvave irradiation. The yield of isopropyl chloroacetate was 86 %. This ionic liquid was removed from ester easily, recovered and recycled without loss of activity.

scholarly journals Fruits Vinegar: Quality Characteristics, Phytochemistry, and Functionality

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Driss Ousaaid ◽  
Hamza Mechchate ◽  
Hassan Laaroussi ◽  
Christophe Hano ◽  
Meryem Bakour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Antioxidant Ability ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Bioactive Ingredients ◽  
Polyphenolic Acids

The popularity of fruits vinegar (FsV) has been increased recently as a healthy drink wealthy in bioactive compounds that provide several beneficial properties. This review was designed in the frame of valorization of fruits vinegar as a by-product with high value added by providing overall information on its biochemical constituents and beneficial potencies. It contains a cocktail of bioactive ingredients including polyphenolic acids, organic acids, tetramethylperazine, and melanoidins. Acetic acid is the most abundant organic acid and chlorogenic acid is the major phenol in apple vinegar. The administration of fruits vinegar could prevent diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, cancer, and boost immunity as well as provide a remarkable antioxidant ability. The production techniques influence the quality of vinegar, and consequently, its health benefits.

A Kinetic Study of Glycerol Esterification with Acetic Acid Over a Commercial Amberlyst-35 Ion Exchange Resin

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 2325-2329
Author(s):  
Ionut Banu ◽  
Grigore Bozga ◽  
Gheorghe Bumbac ◽  
Alin Vintila ◽  
Sanda Velea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Simple Kinetic Model ◽  
Petroleum Derivatives ◽  
Glycerol Esterification ◽  
Autoclave Reactor

The increased quantities of glycerol available on the market initiated research efforts oriented to new valorization technologies, particularly by its conversion into medium tonnage chemicals, replacing petroleum derivatives. In this work it was investigated the valorization of glycerol by its transformation in glycerol acetates, by direct esterification with acetic acid, over a commercial Amberlyst-35 resin. Experiments were carried out batch-wise, in an autoclave reactor under controlled working conditions, at temperatures between 95 and 112 oC and initial acetic acid to glycerol molar ratios between 4 and 9. The experimental data evidenced that the glycerol conversion to monoacetate is faster than the next esterification steps. A relatively simple kinetic model was proposed and its parameters were evaluated from the experimental measurements. It proved reasonable predicting capacity for products distribution dependencies on the reactants molar ratio and reaction temperature.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ASAM ASETAT DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP MUTU KOLAGEN KULIT NILA HITAMPENGARUH KONSENTRASI ASAM ASETAT DAN WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP MUTU KOLAGEN KULIT NILA HITAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latif Sahubawa ◽  
A.B. Naro Putra
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Type I ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Acid Molarity

The objective of the research was studied the effect of  acetic acid concentration and extraction time on the collagen quality of black tilapia leather. Black tilapia leather processed into collagen  as an alternative to increasing value-added of fisheries industry waste. Collagen of black tilapia was extracted by the treatment of acetic acid molarity, each: 0.25 M, 0.50 M, and 0.75 M (A factor) and  extraction time of 16 and 48 hours (B factor). Based on the analysis of variance, is known that the interaction of those treatments (AB) didn’t significantly effect on the yield  (p>0.05). Collagen extraction of tilapia leather with 0.75 M of acetic acid at 16 hours, produces the greatest yield  (5.97%), with denaturation temperature is 35.75oC, and quantitative composition of glisine, alanine, and glutamic amino acids were: 5395.82 ppm (52.99%), 2979.15 ppm (22.08%), and 1684.42 ppm (7.45%). Based on the analysis of SDS-PAGE, is known that the collagen contained were α component and β component, so that collagen of tilapia leather has type I collagen.

scholarly journals Identification of the Origins of Vadose-Zone Salinity on an Agricultural Site in the Venice Coastland by Ionic Molar Ratio Analysis

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3363
Author(s):  
Ester Zancanaro ◽  
Pietro Teatini ◽  
Elia Scudiero ◽  
Francesco Morari
Keyword(s):  
Water Flux ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Experimental Field ◽  
Agricultural Site ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Saltwater contamination seriously affects water quality and land productivity of reclaimed farmlands along the Venice Lagoon, Italy. To characterize the hydrogeochemical dynamics involved in this phenomenon, a three-year study was carried out in an experimental field located at the southern margin of the Venice Lagoon. Soil matric potential, quality of soil pore water and groundwater, and soil physical and chemical properties were monitored at five monitoring stations. Relationships between Cl−, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SO42−, Br− ionic concentrations, and electrical conductivity of the water samples with the soil characteristics (e.g., texture, exchangeable cations) were investigated. Soil water flux direction was calculated and related to ion concentrations. Moreover, specific molar ratios (Mg/Ca, Na/Cl, Cl/Br, and SO4/Cl) were calculated to identify the main drivers affecting salinity in the field. The study confirmed that the experimental site was strongly affected by soil and water salinity, and two major contamination dynamics were identified. The first one was mainly driven by seawater intrusion from the near lagoon and salty watercourses, while the second was derived by the interactions between the peaty soil and salts that were originally in place, since the area was only reclaimed a few decades ago. The latter highlighted the potentiality of the experimental field to become an acidic sulfate environment. Ionic ratios were implemented and proved to be an important tool for the identification of salinity origin.

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