scholarly journals Otolith chemoscape analysis in whiting links fishing grounds to nursery areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil M. Burns ◽  
Charlotte R. Hopkins ◽  
David M. Bailey ◽  
Peter J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
The West ◽  
Nursery Areas ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Continuous Surface ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus ◽  
The Uk

AbstractUnderstanding life stage connectivity is essential to define appropriate spatial scales for fisheries management and develop effective strategies to reduce undersized bycatch. Despite many studies of population structure and connectivity in marine fish, most management units do not reflect biological populations and protection is rarely given to juvenile sources of the fished stock. Direct, quantitative estimates that link specific fishing grounds to the nursery areas, which produced the caught fish are essential to meet these objectives. Here we develop a continuous-surface otolith microchemistry approach to geolocate whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and infer life stage connectivity across the west coast of the UK. We show substantial connectivity across existing stock boundaries and identify the importance of the Firth of Clyde nursery area. This approach offers fisheries managers the ability to account for the benefits of improved fishing yields derived from spatial protection while minimising revenue loss.

scholarly journals Natural Resource Exploitation and the Role of New Technology: a Case-history of the UK Herring Industry

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Whitmarsh ◽  
Christopher A. Reid ◽  
Clifford Gulvin ◽  
Michael R. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
The West ◽  
Resource Rent ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Uk

Technological change in the UK herring industry took place rapidly after 1965, due in part to the active encouragement encouragement given to fishermen to switch from driftnetting to pelagic trawling and purse-seining. The adoption and diffusion of these modern methods of capture stimulated a major expansion of output, but this very success was undermined by the depletion of the fish-stocks on which the industry depended. In the case of the West of Scotland herring fisheries, which were especially important to UK fishermen, the decline in fish-stock biomass caused vessel catch-rates to fall after 1973. The failure of international fisheries management, which acted as a permissive factor in the intensification of fishing effort, also had important economic implications as it resulted in the dissipation of resource-rent. The Authors calculate that the maximum sustainable ‘rent’ which could have been generated from the West of Scotland herring fishery was approximately £14 millions per annum at 1976-equivalent prices.The resource-rent effectively financed the overcapitalization of the fleet and the decline which followed, and it is the speed with which this occurred that most distinguishes the herring fishery from others where technological change has taken place. The article concludes by arguing that, although the UK public authorities (notably the Herring Industry Board) might reasonably be criticized for pursuing a development strategy which resulted in economic and biological over-fishing, the international regime of fisheries management which prevailed at the time gave them little choice but to adopt a pro-active approach to technical innovation.

scholarly journals From east to west, can feminist legal strategies be transformative? Post-disaster to everyday times of crisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-268
Author(s):  
Jane Krishnadas
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
The West ◽  
Legal Subject ◽  
Agents Of Change ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Post Disaster

AbstractThis article engages with a key question raised by feminist legal scholars from the east to the west: whether women should or should not engage in rights strategies? Are rights systematically exercised to reproduce patriarchal, dominant sites of justice, or do rights constitute a multiple and relational force which may transform sites of justice? The experience of women’s engagements with law in South Asia has created a diversity of critical legal knowledge and scholarship reflecting the pluralism of both women’s identities and needs based on caste, religion, class and sexuality across an array of legal spaces from the family, community and state. Women in South Asian scholarship have complicated the notion of the homogenous legal subject and the static dominant site of justice. In this article I return to my underpinning field research whilst living and working within an earthquake affected area of Maharashtra, India in the post-crisis rehabilitation period (1993–1998). This research explored how women exercised their rights to reconstruct lives at different tiers of justice: in public policy, private legislation and the non-formal sphere of community relations to deconstruct the concept of rights existing within a static framework of justice. Drawing upon feminist discourse across the east to the west, I have analysed the role of rights in post-disaster sites to understand how women move from victims to survivors, beneficiaries to contributors and objects to agents of change to inform contemporary research on how women in post-domestic violence situations may exercise rights to reconstruct their lives in times of crisis in the UK. Through this analysis I argue that rights may be empowering if one can exercise one’s right to identity as agency, resources as capacity and location as mobility, as a three dimensional strategy to transform the framework in which one is situated. Over the last decade, I have actively applied this transformative methodology to create an alternative relational, intersectional and holistic legal paradigm, to transform sites of justice, in times of every day crisis, through the CLOCK/ All India Access to Justice Strategy.

scholarly journals The Ecology of the Tamar Estuary I. Introduction

1938 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. T. Hartley ◽  
G. M. Spooner
Keyword(s):  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
The West ◽  
Tamar Estuary ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

During 1936 and 1937 extensive physical and faunistic studies of the Tamar Estuary were made by several workers at the Plymouth laboratory. These investigations, though conducted independently and with different immediate aims, proved to have considerable bearing on one another, and each worker benefited by occasions for co-operation. As the work proceeded it became clear that one of the most important aspects of each investigation was the bearing it had on the balance of life in the estuary as a whole. It was decided to publish the results of these studies in a series of papers in which each contributor should lay due emphasis on data having possible bearings on the problems studied by the others, so as to present as complete a picture as possible.Studies have been made of salinity, temperature, penetration of daylight, macro- and micro-fauna of the intertidal zone, the sessile flora and fauna of the buoys, the fishes and their food, and the birds which frequent the flats and channels. Other studies are contemplated. In the work on light penetration and on quantitative estimates of the fauna of the mud-flats, no comparable data have hitherto been procured in this country.The Tamar is the largest of the rivers which flow into the west end of Plymouth Sound. It is tidal for nearly 19 miles (30 km.) of its course. Rather over 3 miles (5.5 km.) from the sea it is joined by the River Lynher to form the Hamoaze, an estuary common to the two rivers.

scholarly journals CLASSIC: a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff modelling system

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 516-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Crooks ◽  
P. S. Naden
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Flow Duration Curves ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Modelling System

Abstract. This paper describes the development of a semi-distributed conceptual rainfall–runoff model, originally formulated to simulate impacts of climate and land-use change on flood frequency. The model has component modules for soil moisture balance, drainage response and channel routing and is grid-based to allow direct incorporation of GIS- and Digital Terrain Model (DTM)-derived data sets into the initialisation of parameter values. Catchment runoff is derived from the aggregation of components of flow from the drainage module within each grid square and from total routed flow from all grid squares. Calibration is performed sequentially for the three modules using different objective functions for each stage. A key principle of the modelling system is the concept of nested calibration, which ensures that all flows simulated for points within a large catchment are spatially consistent. The modelling system is robust and has been applied successfully at different spatial scales to three large catchments in the UK, including comparison of observed and modelled flood frequency and flow duration curves, simulation of flows for uncalibrated catchments and identification of components of flow within a modelled hydrograph. The role of such a model in integrated catchment studies is outlined.

scholarly journals Performance of Excess Heat Factor Severity as a Global Heatwave Health Impact Index

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2494 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nairn ◽  
Bertram Ostendorf ◽  
Peng Bi
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Excess Heat ◽  
Excess Heat Factor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

The establishment of an effective policy response to rising heatwave impacts is most effective when the history of heatwaves, their current impacts and future risks, are mapped by a common metric. In response meteorological agencies aim to develop seamless climate, forecast, and warning heat impact services, spanning all temporal and spatial scales. The ability to diagnose heatwave severity using the Excess Heat Factor (EHF) has allowed the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (the Bureau) to publicly release 7-day heatwave severity maps since 2014. National meteorological agencies in the UK and the United States are evaluating global 7-day and multi-week EHF heatwave severity probability forecasts, whilst the Bureau contributes to a Copernicus project to supply the health sector with global EHF severity heatwave projection scenarios. In an evaluation of impact skill within global forecast systems, EHF intensity and severity is reviewed as a predictor of human health impact, and extended using climate observations and human health data for sites around the globe. Heatwave intensity, determined by short and long-term temperature anomalies at each locality, is normalized to permit spatial analysis and inter-site comparison. Dimensionless heatwave event moments of peak severity and accumulated severity are shown to correlate with noteworthy events around the globe, offering new insights into current and future heatwave variability and vulnerability. The EHF severity metric permits the comparison of international heatwave events and their impacts, and is readily implemented within international heatwave early warning systems.

scholarly journals Countering Epistemological Exclusion Through Critical-Ethical Research to Support Social Justice

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-210
Author(s):  
Kaz Stuart ◽  
Marnee Shay
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Impact Measurement ◽  
The West ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Diverse Communities ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Acid Test ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

The dominance of neoliberalism in the west such as Australia and the UK and its insistence on impact measurement can lead researchers into an unquestioning adoption of scientific methods of measurement and data collection. We argue that if methods are not appropriate for the participants or context they are likely to reproduce existing societal inequities and positions of marginalisation and powerlessness. The theoretical position for fit-for-purpose research and evaluation tools, and specifically for social science methods is put forward theoretically and substantiated with cases drawn from diverse communities in Australia and the UK. Further, we will use autoethnography to share our experiences to argue that any research or evaluation endeavour should have as many benefits for the participants as for the researchers and wider stakeholders, a measure we argue should be the acid test for research ethics. The implications of these findings for researchers, evaluators, practitioners and policy makers are drawn out.

scholarly journals Domestic and international mobility trends in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of facebook data

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry E. R. Shepherd ◽  
Florence S. Atherden ◽  
Ho Man Theophilus Chan ◽  
Alexandra Loveridge ◽  
Andrew J. Tatem
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Since early March 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic across the United Kingdom has led to a range of social distancing policies, which resulted in changes to mobility across different regions. An understanding of how these policies impacted travel patterns over time and at different spatial scales is important for designing effective strategies, future pandemic planning and in providing broader insights on the population geography of the country. Crowd level data on mobile phone usage can be used as a proxy for population mobility patterns and provide a way of quantifying in near-real time the impact of social distancing measures on changes in mobility. Methods Here we explore patterns of change in densities, domestic and international flows and co-location of Facebook users in the UK from March 2020 to March 2021. Results We find substantial heterogeneities across time and region, with large changes observed compared to pre-pademic patterns. The impacts of periods of lockdown on distances travelled and flow volumes are evident, with each showing variations, but some significant reductions in co-location rates. Clear differences in multiple metrics of mobility are seen in central London compared to the rest of the UK, with each of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland showing significant deviations from England at times. Moreover, the impacts of rapid changes in rules on international travel to and from the UK are seen in substantial fluctuations in traveller volumes by destination. Conclusions While questions remain about the representativeness of the Facebook data, previous studies have shown strong correspondence with census-based data and alternative mobility measures, suggesting that findings here are valuable for guiding strategies.

scholarly journals Uptake of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in at-risk populations in England and Wales 1999–2005

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. PEBODY ◽  
J. HIPPISLEY-COX ◽  
S. HARCOURT ◽  
M. PRINGLE ◽  
M. PAINTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Chronic Heart Disease ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Primary Care Practices

SUMMARYThe UK has had a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (PPV) programme for groups at higher risk of invasive disease since 1992. This paper presents data from a sample of primary-care practices (Q-RESEARCH) of PPV uptake in patients according to their risk status. Of 2·9 million registered patients in 2005, 2·1% were vaccinated with PPV in the preceding 12 months and 6·5% in the preceding 5 years. Twenty-nine per cent of the registered population fell into one or more risk groups. The proportion of each risk group vaccinated in the previous 5 years ranged from 69% (cochlear implants), 53·4% (splenic dysfunction), 36·5% (chronic heart disease), 34·7% (diabetes), 22·9% (immunosuppressed), 28·7% (chronic renal disease), 15·9% (sickle cell disease) to 12·6% (chronic respiratory disease). Uptake was lower in areas where the non-white proportion of population was >10%. In conclusion, there remain large gaps in the uptake of PPV in several high-risk populations in the United Kingdom. Effective strategies need to be developed to address these deficiencies.

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