scholarly journals Wolbachia reduces virus infection in a natural population of Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Cogni ◽  
Shuai Dominique Ding ◽  
André C. Pimentel ◽  
Jonathan P. Day ◽  
Francis M. Jiggins
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Ecological Success

AbstractWolbachia is a maternally transmitted bacterial symbiont that is estimated to infect approximately half of arthropod species. In the laboratory it can increase the resistance of insects to viral infection, but its effect on viruses in nature is unknown. Here we report that in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, individuals that are infected with Wolbachia are less likely to be infected by viruses. By characterising the virome by metagenomic sequencing and then testing individual flies for infection, we found the protective effect of Wolbachia was virus-specific, with the prevalence of infection being up to 15% greater in Wolbachia-free flies. The antiviral effects of Wolbachia may contribute to its extraordinary ecological success, and in nature the symbiont may be an important component of the antiviral defences of insects.

scholarly journals Drosophila melanogaster does not exhibit a behavioural fever response when infected with Drosophila C virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 3667-3671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter A. Arnold ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Karyn N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Fever Response

Behavioural fever is a widely conserved response to infection. The host increases body temperature (T b) by altering their preferred temperature (T p), generating a fever and delaying or avoiding pathogen-induced mortality. This response is not ubiquitous in insects, however, although few studies have investigated this response to viral infection. Here, we examined the change in T p of Drosophila in response to virus infection using a thermal gradient. No difference in T p was observed. We suggest that the lack of behavioural fever could be due to the increased energy cost of maintaining a higher T b whilst the immune response is active. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assay for changes in T p of infected Drosophila.

A Fungal Cu/Zn-Containing Superoxide Dismutase Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of a Plant Polyphenol Extract in Experimental Influenza Virus Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Serkedjieva ◽  
Tsvetanka Stefanova ◽  
Ekaterina Krumova
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Experimental Influenza

The combined protective effect of a polyphenol-rich extract, isolated from Geranium sanguineum L. (PC), and a novel naturally glycosylated Cu/Zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced from the fungal strain Humicula lutea 103 (HL-SOD), in the experimental influenza A virus infection (EIVI) in mice, induced with the virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), was investigated. The combined application of HL-SOD and PC in doses, which by themselves do not defend significantly mice in EIVI, resulted in a synergistically increased protection, determined on the basis of protective indices and amelioration of lung injury. Lung weights and consolidation as well as infectious lung virus titers were all decreased significantly parallel to the reduction of the mortality rates; lung indices were raised. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by alveolar macrophages (aMØ) as well as the elevated levels of the lung antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), induced by EIVI, were brought to normal. For comparative reasons the combined protective effect of PC and vitamin C was investigated. The obtained results support the combined use of antioxidants for the treatment of influenza virus infection and in general indicate the beneficial protective role of combinations of viral inhibitors of natural origin with diverse modes of action.

scholarly journals GENETIC LOAD IN NATURAL POPULATIONS: IS IT COMPATIBLE WITH THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MANY POLYMORPHISMS ARE MAINTAINED BY NATURAL SELECTION?

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-589
Author(s):  
Martin L Tracey ◽  
Francisco J Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Mean Fitness ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Recent studies of genetically controlled enzyme variation lead to an estimation that at least 30 to 60% of the structural genes are polymorphic in natural populations of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. Some authors have argued that a substantial proportion of these polymorphisms cannot be maintained by natural selection because this would result in an unbearable genetic load. If many polymorphisms are maintained by heterotic natural selection, individuals with much greater than average proportion of homozygous loci should have very low fitness. We have measured in Drosophila melanogaster the fitness of flies homozygous for a complete chromosome relative to normal wild flies. A total of 37 chromosomes from a natural population have been tested using 92 experimental populations. The mean fitness of homozygous flies is 0.12 for second chromosomes, and 0.13 for third chromosomes. These estimates are compatible with the hypothesis that many (more than one thousand) loci are maintained by heterotic selection in natural populations of D. melanogaster.

Seasonal changes in recombination characteristics in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster

Heredity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dau Dayal Aggarwal ◽  
Sviatoslav Rybnikov ◽  
Shaul Sapielkin ◽  
Eugenia Rashkovetsky ◽  
Zeev Frenkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Seasonal Changes

scholarly journals JNK pathway restricts DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV infection by activating complement and apoptosis in mosquito salivary glands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avisha Chowdhury ◽  
Cassandra M. Modahl ◽  
Siok Thing Tan ◽  
Benjamin Wong Wei Xiang ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Chikv Infection ◽  
Jnk Pathway ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Antiviral Function ◽  
Arbovirus Infection

AbstractArbovirus infection of Aedes aegypti salivary glands (SGs) determines transmission. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on SG immunity. Here, we characterized SG immune response to dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses using high-throughput transcriptomics. The three viruses regulate components of Toll, IMD and JNK pathways. However, silencing of Toll and IMD components showed variable effects on SG infection by each virus. In contrast, regulation of JNK pathway produced consistent responses. Virus infection increased with depletion of component Kayak and decreased with depletion of negative regulator Puckered. Virus-induced JNK pathway regulates complement and apoptosis in SGs via TEP20 and Dronc, respectively. Individual and co-silencing of these genes demonstrate their antiviral effects and that both may function together. Co-silencing either TEP20 or Dronc with Puckered annihilates JNK pathway antiviral effect. We identified and characterized the broad antiviral function of JNK pathway in SGs, expanding the immune arsenal that blocks arbovirus transmission.

scholarly journals A SURVEY OF ISOZYME POLYMORPHISM IN A DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER NATURAL POPULATION

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-771
Author(s):  
H T Band
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Published Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Biochemical Polymorphism ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Isozyme Polymorphism ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT A survey of biochemical polymorphism among glucose- and non-glucose-metabolizing enzymes was carried out on the June 1973 collection from the South Amherst, Mass. Drosophila melanogaster natural population. Polymorphic levels are among the highest recorded for this species; polymorphism among glucose-metabolizing enzymes did not differ significantly from that among non-glucose-metabolizing enzymes. Two loci, G6Pd on the × and Est-6 on the 3rd chromosome, displayed significant excesses of heterozygotes. Adh on the 2nd and Idh, Odh and Ao on the 3rd chromosome showed significant heterozygote deficiencies. Idh is ten map units to the left of Est-6, Odh twelve map units to the right and Ao is seven units beyond Odh. Temperatures in the two-week June period prior to collection were exceedingly variable. Daily high/low ranged between 76°/40° and 97°/65°F. These results support the findings of Frydenberg and Simonsen (1973) that in some populations glucose-metabolizing enzymes tend to be as polymorphic as non-glucose-metabolizing ones. They also add to the evidence obtained from other plant and animal populations that increased biochemical polymorphism is associated with more variable and/or colder climates. The increase may in part be due to increased polymorphism among glucose-metabolizing enzymes. Comparisons utilizing published data on other D. melanogaster populations and on D. robusta indicate a clinal increase in heterozygosity among glucose-metabolizing enzymes as one moves northward.

scholarly journals ISG15 Arg151 and the ISG15-Conjugating Enzyme UbE1L Are Important for Innate Immune Control of Sindbis Virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1602-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia V. Giannakopoulos ◽  
Elena Arutyunova ◽  
Caroline Lai ◽  
Deborah J. Lenschow ◽  
Arthur L. Haas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Protein Conjugates ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Antiviral Function ◽  
Alpha Beta

ABSTRACT Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like molecule that conjugates to target proteins via a C-terminal LRLRGG motif and has antiviral function in vivo. We used structural modeling to predict human ISG15 (hISG15) residues important for interacting with its E1 enzyme, UbE1L. Kinetic analysis revealed that mutation of arginine 153 to alanine (R153A) ablated hISG15-hUbE1L binding and transthiolation of UbcH8. Mutation of other predicted UbE1L-interacting residues had minimal effects on the transfer of ISG15 from UbE1L to UbcH8. The capacity of hISG15 R153A to form protein conjugates in 293T cells was markedly diminished. Mutation of the homologous residue in mouse ISG15 (mISG15), arginine 151, to alanine (R151A) also attenuated protein ISGylation following transfection into 293T cells. We assessed the role of ISG15-UbE1L interactions in control of virus infection by constructing double subgenomic Sindbis viruses that expressed the mISG15 R151A mutant. While expression of mISG15 protected alpha/beta-IFN-receptor-deficient (IFN-αβR−/−) mice from lethality following Sindbis virus infection, expression of mISG15 R151A conferred no survival benefit. The R151A mutation also attenuated ISG15's ability to decrease Sindbis virus replication in IFN-αβR−/− mice or prolong survival of ISG15−/− mice. The importance of UbE1L was confirmed by demonstrating that mice lacking this ISG15 E1 enzyme were highly susceptible to Sindbis virus infection. Together, these data support a role for protein conjugation in the antiviral effects of ISG15.

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