Mechanism of degradation of a nitrogenous heterocycle induced by a reductive radical: decomposition of a sym-triazine ring

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 9354-9357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gengxin Lyu ◽  
Guosheng Shi ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Haiping Fang ◽  
Minghong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Radical Decomposition ◽  
Mechanism Of Degradation ◽  
Nitrogenous Heterocycle ◽  
Important Intermediate

Cyanuric acid, a major component of many materials and chemicals, and also the most important intermediate in the degradation processes of sym-triazine compounds in the natural environment, as well as being used for water treatment, was selected to elucidate the mechanism of degradation of nitrogenous materials.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of a Bacterial Consortium: Interspecies Catabolism of Atrazine

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mervyn L. de Souza ◽  
David Newcombe ◽  
Sam Alvey ◽  
David E. Crowley ◽  
Anthony Hay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Southern Hybridization ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Consortium ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Consortium Member ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Pure Cultures

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP contains the genes,atzA, -B, and -C, that encode three enzymes which metabolize atrazine to cyanuric acid. Atrazine-catabolizing pure cultures isolated from around the world contain genes homologous to atzA, -B, and -C. The present study was conducted to determine whether the same genes are present in an atrazine-catabolizing bacterial consortium and how the genes and metabolism are subdivided among member species. The consortium contained four or more bacterial species, but two members, Clavibacter michiganese ATZ1 andPseudomonas sp. strain CN1, collectively mineralized atrazine. C. michiganese ATZ1 released chloride from atrazine, produced hydroxyatrazine, and contained a homolog to theatzA gene that encoded atrazine chlorohydrolase. C. michiganese ATZ1 stoichiometrically metabolized hydroxyatrazine to N-ethylammelide and contained genes homologous toatzB and atzC, suggesting that either a functional AtzB or -C catalyzed N-isopropylamine release from hydroxyatrazine. C. michiganese ATZ1 grew on isopropylamine as its sole carbon and nitrogen source, explaining the ability of the consortium to use atrazine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. A second consortium member, Pseudomonassp. strain CN1, metabolized the N-ethylammelide produced byC. michiganese ATZ1 to transiently form cyanuric acid, a reaction catalyzed by AtzC. A gene homologous to the atzCgene of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was present, as demonstrated by Southern hybridization and PCR. Pseudomonassp. strain CN1, but not C. michiganese, metabolized cyanuric acid. The consortium metabolized atrazine faster than didC. michiganese individually. Additionally, the consortium metabolized a much broader set of triazine ring compounds than did previously described pure cultures in which the atzABCgenes had been identified. These data begin to elucidate the genetic and metabolic bases of catabolism by multimember consortia.

Effect of cyanuric acid amendment on atrazine mineralization in surface soils and detection of the s-triazine ring-cleavage gene trzD

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen B. Ostrofsky ◽  
Jayne B. Robinson ◽  
Samuel J. Traina ◽  
Olli H. Tuovinen
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Surface Soils

scholarly journals Impact of confinement in multimolecular inclusion compounds of melamine and cyanuric acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 8205-8214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Nicolai Petelski ◽  
Silvana Carina Pamies ◽  
Agustín Gabriel Sejas ◽  
Nélida María Peruchena ◽  
Gladis Laura Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Inclusion Compounds ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Triazine Ring

Cyanuric acid is shown to be the best supramolecular building block to obtain cage-like clusters. Its triazine ring is also superior to the melamine one for capturing anions as well as cations.

scholarly journals Resilient infrastructure: Redefined

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kurt Cole
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Wetlands

<p>The abundance of natural environments within New Zealand is under threat, and unhindered profit-driven development is ever increasing, putting our landscapes at risk. A weak relationship with our land is currently resulting in detrimental development. In particular, designed infrastructure is often imposed on the landscape with little consideration for the effects it has on wider ecological systems. The degradation of our natural environment is spiralling out of control, landscape architecture has the potential to protect and enhance our natural environment through integrated design that benefits our natural systems and the people who exist within them.  This research aims to mitigate the adverse effects development has on the landscape through the use of naturally integrated water treatment infrastructure design. The cleansing abilities of natural wetlands are currently overlooked as precedents for design. An opportunity lies within the integration of natural wetlands and infrastructure, the outcome being new multipurpose landscapes. The fusion of water infrastructure and natural systems has the potential to not only mitigate adverse effects of current development, but also provide the public with diverse open spaces that support recreation and natural amenity.  Wairarapa Moana in the South Wairarapa is the site for this design research to take place. The abundance of public open spaces surrounding Lake Waiararapa, paired with the severe degradation of the water quality provide an opportunity for design research to explore possible solutions. The intention of this work is to diminish the harmful effects of development and poor land use in the area, resulting in the creation of natural spaces that have an underlying function of water treatment and fitting seamlessly into the wider ecological systems of the site. The space will also cater for various recreational activities, providing the South Wairarapa with a new typology of landscape that is resilient and responsive to the natural flux of this unique lake system.</p>

scholarly journals Resilient infrastructure: Redefined

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kurt Cole
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
The South ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Wetlands

<p>The abundance of natural environments within New Zealand is under threat, and unhindered profit-driven development is ever increasing, putting our landscapes at risk. A weak relationship with our land is currently resulting in detrimental development. In particular, designed infrastructure is often imposed on the landscape with little consideration for the effects it has on wider ecological systems. The degradation of our natural environment is spiralling out of control, landscape architecture has the potential to protect and enhance our natural environment through integrated design that benefits our natural systems and the people who exist within them.  This research aims to mitigate the adverse effects development has on the landscape through the use of naturally integrated water treatment infrastructure design. The cleansing abilities of natural wetlands are currently overlooked as precedents for design. An opportunity lies within the integration of natural wetlands and infrastructure, the outcome being new multipurpose landscapes. The fusion of water infrastructure and natural systems has the potential to not only mitigate adverse effects of current development, but also provide the public with diverse open spaces that support recreation and natural amenity.  Wairarapa Moana in the South Wairarapa is the site for this design research to take place. The abundance of public open spaces surrounding Lake Waiararapa, paired with the severe degradation of the water quality provide an opportunity for design research to explore possible solutions. The intention of this work is to diminish the harmful effects of development and poor land use in the area, resulting in the creation of natural spaces that have an underlying function of water treatment and fitting seamlessly into the wider ecological systems of the site. The space will also cater for various recreational activities, providing the South Wairarapa with a new typology of landscape that is resilient and responsive to the natural flux of this unique lake system.</p>

scholarly journals Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 Metabolizes Diverse s-Triazine Ring Compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 5973-5980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa C. Strong ◽  
Charlotte Rosendahl ◽  
Gilbert Johnson ◽  
Michael J. Sadowsky ◽  
Lawrence P. Wackett
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
High Sequence Identity ◽  
Substrate Analogs ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Arthrobacter Aurescens ◽  
Growth Substrates ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
Cyano Groups

ABSTRACT Arthrobacter aurescens strain TC1 was isolated without enrichment by plating atrazine-contaminated soil directly onto atrazine-clearing plates. A. aurescens TC1 grew in liquid medium with atrazine as the sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy, consuming up to 3,000 mg of atrazine per liter. A. aurescens TC1 is metabolically diverse and grew on a wider range of s-triazine compounds than any bacterium previously characterized. The 23 s-triazine substrates serving as the sole nitrogen source included the herbicides ametryn, atratone, cyanazine, prometryn, and simazine. Moreover, atrazine substrate analogs containing fluorine, mercaptan, and cyano groups in place of the chlorine substituent were also growth substrates. Analogs containing hydrogen, azido, and amino functionalities in place of chlorine were not growth substrates. A. aurescens TC1 also metabolized compounds containing chlorine plus N-ethyl, N-propyl, N-butyl, N-s-butyl, N-isobutyl, or N-t-butyl substituents on the s-triazine ring. Atrazine was metabolized to alkylamines and cyanuric acid, the latter accumulating stoichiometrically. Ethylamine and isopropylamine each served as the source of carbon and nitrogen for growth. PCR experiments identified genes with high sequence identity to atzB and atzC, but not to atzA, from Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP.

scholarly journals Gene Sequence and Properties of ans-Triazine Ring-Cleavage Enzyme from Pseudomonassp. Strain NRRLB-12227

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 3512-3517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Karns
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Ring Cleavage ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Cloned Gene ◽  
Acid Amidohydrolase

ABSTRACT Pesticides based on the s-triazine ring structure are widely used in cultivation of food crops. Cleavage of thes-triazine ring is an important step in the mineralization of s-triazine compounds and hence in their complete removal from the environment. Cyanuric acid amidohydrolase cleaves cyanuric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxy-s-triazine), which yields carbon dioxide and biuret; the biuret is subject to further metabolism, which yields CO2 and ammonia. The trzD gene encoding cyanuric acid amidohydrolase was cloned into pMMB277 fromPseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12227, a strain that is capable of utilizing s-triazines as nitrogen sources. Hydrolysis of cyanuric acid was detected in crude extracts ofEscherichia coli containing the cloned gene by monitoring the disappearance of cyanuric acid and the appearance of biuret by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DEAE and hydrophobic interaction HPLC were used to purify cyanuric acid amidohydrolase to homogeneity, and a spectrophotometric assay for the purified enzyme was developed. The purified enzyme had an apparentKm of 0.05 mM for cyanuric acid at pH 8.0. The enzyme did not cleave any other s-triazine or hydroxypyrimidine compound, although barbituric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxypyrimidine) was found to be a strong competitive inhibitor. Neither the nucleotide sequence of trzD nor the amino acid sequence of the gene product exhibited a significant level of similarity to any known gene or protein.

scholarly journals Effect of S-triazine Ring Substitution on the Synthesis of Organic Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Xerogels

Gels ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Martin Prostredný ◽  
Caio Ledingham ◽  
Ivan A. Principe ◽  
Abdelkarim S. M. Altoumi ◽  
Ashleigh J. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Intermediate Species ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Rf Systems ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) gel synthesis has been well-studied along with alternative reagents. We present the synthesis of formaldehyde-based xerogels using chemically similar s-triazine precursors, with comparison to traditional analogues. The substitution ranges from tri-hydroxyl to tri-amine, with an intermediate species, allowing changing chemistry to be investigated. Each molecule (X) offers different acid/base properties, known to influence gel formation, as well as differences in crosslinking potential. Varying X/F ratios were selected to recreate the stoichiometry used in RF systems, where one represented higher F to match the increased reaction sites of the additives. X/C ratios were selected to probe different catalyst (C) ratios, while working within the range likely to produce viable gels. Results obtained show little impact for ammeline as an additive due to its similarity to resorcinol (activation sites and pKa); while melamine and cyanuric acid show differing behavior depending on the level of addition. Low concentrations show melamine to have the most impact due to increased activation and competition for formaldehyde; while at high concentrations, cyanuric acid is shown to have the greatest impact as it creates a more acidic environment, which diminishes textural character, possibly attributable to larger clusters and/or weaker cross-linking of the system.

Recalcitrance of cyanuric acid to oxidative degradation by OH radical: theoretical investigation

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (70) ◽  
pp. 37359-37364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Cyanuric Acid ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oh Radical ◽  
Triazine Ring ◽  
Electron Deficiency

Electron deficiency of the triazine ring makes the reactions between cyanuric acid and OH radical energetically unfavorable.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Filtration Bed type in the Pool Water Treatment System on Washings Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-545
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyczarska-Kokot ◽  
Anna Lempart
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Degree Of Contamination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Direct Management

Abstract This paper presents the influence of the type of filtration beds, used in swimming pool water treatment systems, on the quality and the possibility of reuse of washings. The research covered 4 pool cycles with sand, sand and anthracite, glass and diatomaceous beds. The degree of contamination of washings was assessed on the basis of physical, chemical and bacteriological tests. The possibility of washings drainage into the natural environment was considered, and the results of the research were compared with the permissible values of pollution indicators for wastewater discharged to water or ground. A direct management of washings from the analysed filters proved impossible mainly due to the high content of TSS (total suspended solids) and free chlorine. Washings were subjected to sedimentation and then the supernatant was stirred intensively. As a result of these processes, the quality of washings was significantly improved. This allowed planning to supplement the pool water installations with systems for washings management.

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