Ultrafine nickel nanocatalyst-engineering of an organic layered double hydroxide towards a super-efficient fire-safe epoxy resin via interfacial catalysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (18) ◽  
pp. 8488-8498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Li ◽  
Junhao Zhang ◽  
François Dufosse ◽  
De-Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxide ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Interfacial Catalysis ◽  
Ultrafine Nickel ◽  
Double Hydroxide

An ultrafine Ni(OH)2 nanocatalyst was surface-assembled on the organically modified layered double hydroxide (LDH-DBS) to prepare nanohybrid LDH-DBS@Ni(OH)2. A mere 3 wt% of LDH-DBS@Ni(OH)2 imparted epoxy resin with UL-94 V-0 rating and a 60.6% reduction of peak heat release rate due to the interfacial catalysis.

scholarly journals Effective Biobased Phosphorus Flame Retardants from Starch-Derived bis-2,5-(Hydroxymethyl)Furan

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob A. Howell ◽  
Xiaorui Han
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Michael Addition ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Tetrabromobisphenol A ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94

A series of biobased phosphorus flame retardants has been prepared by converting starch-derived bis-2,5-(hydroxymethyl)furan to the corresponding diacrylate followed by Michael addition of phosphite to generate derivatives with phosphorus moieties attached via P–C bonds. All compounds behave as effective flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy resin. The most effective is the DOPO derivative, 2,5-di[(3-dopyl-propanoyl)methyl]furan. When incorporated into a DGEBA blend at a level to provide 2% phosphorus, a material displaying a LOI of 30, an UL 94 rating of V0 and a 40% reduction in combustion peak heat release rate compared to that for resin containing no additive is obtained. The analogous compounds generated from bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A exhibit similar flame-retarding properties.

Synthesis of a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yang ◽  
Yefa Hu ◽  
Qiaoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test

In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.

scholarly journals The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenkai Zhu ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Mandy Clement ◽  
Xiaosu Yi ◽  
Chris Rudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Composites

This study investigated the effect of intumescent mats (M1 and M2) with different compositions on the post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites. The sandwich structure was designed for composites where M1 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1) or M2 (carbon fibre reinforced composite-M2) mats were covered on the composite surface. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release was observed from the cone calorimetric data, and carbon fibre reinforced composite-M1 showed the lowest value of 148 kW/m2 and 29 MJ/m2 for peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively. In addition, a minor influence on mechanical properties was observed due to the variation of composite thickness and resin volume in the composite. The post-fire properties of composite were characterised, and the M1 mat presented better retention of flexural strength and modulus. The feasibility of two-layer model was confirmed to predict the post-fire performance of composites and reduce the reliance on the large amounts of empirical data.

Numerical Simulation on Spreading Characteristic of Coach Fire

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1269-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Yi ◽  
Jie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate

The aim of this work is to study the burning characteristics of coach fire. With application of computational fluid dynamics (FDS software package), coach fires caused by arson are simulated under different ventilation conditions. Variation of heat release rate (HRR) and distribution of temperature are analyzed. Peak heat release rate of coach fire caused by arson in passenger carriage can reach about 24 MW and maximum temperature in the carriage is over 1000 °C. Results of this study can be referred for fire protection and rescue design of coach.

An Investigation of Controlling Two-Peak Heat Release Rate for Combustion Noise Reduction in Split-Injection PCCI Engine using Numerical Calculation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Ikeda ◽  
Norimasa Iida ◽  
Hiroshi Kuzuyama ◽  
Tsutomu Umehara ◽  
Takayuki Fuyuto
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Combustion Noise ◽  
Split Injection ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate

Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Weinschenk ◽  
◽  
Daniel Madrzykowski ◽  
Paul Courtney
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Ground Fault ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Fuel Source

A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.

Study on Flame-Retardant Properties of Flame Retardant Asphalt Mixture

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 387-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Liang Liu ◽  
Yi Zhong Yan ◽  
Yun Yong Huang ◽  
Jia Liang Yao ◽  
Jian Bo Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Modified Asphalt ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Sbs Modified Asphalt

Flame retardants modified asphalt with SBS flame retardant SMA hybrid material was prepared, flame retardant performances of SMA mixture was studied by the cone calorimeter. The results show that adding 12% flame retardant with SBS modified asphalt in preparation of flame retardant SMA mixture, the peak heat release rate values than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture decreased by 4.02 kW/m2, and the heat release rate values were significantly reduced, the total heat and the amount of smoke of flame retardant asphalt mixture released less than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture.

Flame Retardation of Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene Fiber Non-Woven Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 105-107 ◽  
pp. 1723-1726
Author(s):  
Wei Ma ◽  
Wen Bin Yao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Natural Bamboo Fiber ◽  
Flame Retardation

According to Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene fiber(PP) non-woven materials encountered the problem that its flame retardation is insufficient, this paper tried to add flame retardant to improve its performance, then the cone calorimeter was used to evaluate its flammability. The results show that Peak-Heat Release Rate and Smoke Release Rate etc significantly improved. In accordance with the UL94 ,the flame retardation meet the level V-0 , consistent with the requirements of enterprise.

Estimation of Peak Heat Release Rate of a Forest Fuel Bed in Outdoor Laboratory Conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Madrigal ◽  
M. Guijarro ◽  
C. Hernando ◽  
C. Díez ◽  
E. Marino
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Forest Fuel
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