Recent advances in the biosensing of neurotransmitters: material and method overviews towards the biomedical analysis of psychiatric disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mobed ◽  
Mohammad Hasanzadeh ◽  
Ali Ahmadalipour ◽  
Ali Fakhari
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Biomedical Analysis ◽  
Recent Advances

Neurotransmitters are the most important messengers of the nervous system, and any changes in their balances and activities can cause serious neurological, psychiatric and cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

scholarly journals Differential response of the central noradrenergic nervous system to the loss of locus coeruleus neurons in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 1373 ◽  
pp. 240-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela J. McMillan ◽  
Sylvia S. White ◽  
Allyn Franklin ◽  
J. Lynne Greenup ◽  
James B. Leverenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Differential Response

scholarly journals Cholinergic Receptors in Cognitive Disorders

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (S4) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.K. Perry ◽  
R.H. Perry ◽  
C.J. Smith ◽  
D. Purohit ◽  
J. Bonham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Nicotinic Receptor ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Cholinergic Receptors

Abstract:Cholinergic receptors (muscarinic subtypes M1 and M2, and putative nicotinic binding) have been examined in the hippocampus obtained at autopsy from a variety of patients with cognitive disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, Down's Syndrome and alcoholic dementia) and compared with neurologically normal controls and cases of Motor Neuron disease. In all of the disorders associated with a pre-synaptic cortical cholinergic deficit reflected by an extensive loss of choline acetyltransferase (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Down's Syndrome) there was a substantial reduction in the binding of (3H) nicotine to the nicotinic receptor. By contrast reductions in both muscarinic subtypes (M1 and M2) were apparent to only a moderate extent in Alzheimer's disease, whereas in Parkinson's disease binding was significantly increased (apparently not in relation to anti-cholinergic drug treatment) in the non-demented but not demented cases. A further abnormality detected in Alzheimer's disease but not the other disorders investigated was a decrease in an endogenous inhibitor of nicotinic binding, the identity of which is as yet unknown but which may be a candidate for a possible endogenous modulator of the nicotinic receptor. These observations suggest that in Alzheimer's disease not only muscarinic but also nicotinic receptor function should be considered in relation both to future therapeutic strategies and, in the search for a clinical marker which might be of diagnostic value, to potential probes of the cortical cholinergic system.

scholarly journals Agmatine: A potential Neurotherapeutic Agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Neha Binjhade ◽  
Vinanti Supare ◽  
Shailesh Ghaywat ◽  
Sagar Trivedi ◽  
Kamlesh Wadher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Trauma Brain Injury

Agmatine, a natural polyamine disregarded almost for over 100 years, was discovered in year 1910. Almost after a decade, several researches on Agmatine indicated its modulatory action at multiple molecular targets such as, nitric oxide synthesis, neurotransmitter systems, and polyamine metabolism unbolt the new avenues for extensive therapeutic applications which includes neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases, antidepressant, cognitive disorders. Agmatine exerts its varied biological characteristics and therapeutic potential in diverse arena. Agmatine has been extensively researched for its neuroprotective effect in various types of neurological diseases, including stroke and trauma brain injury along with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Hypoxia /Ischemia. In the present review we have summarized the therapeutic potential of agmatine as protective and regenerative properties in the CNS. Keywords: Agmatine, Neuroprotective, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, CNS disorders.

Recent advances in enzymeless-based electrochemical sensors to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Song ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
Jieling Qin ◽  
Xiaoying Tang
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Recent Advances

The use of sensitive electrochemical sensors to detect biomarkers is an effective method for the early diagnosis of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease,...

Neurobehavioral Consequences Associated with Long Term Tramadol Utilization and Pathological Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 758-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadga Raj ◽  
Pooja Chawla ◽  
Shamsher Singh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Serotonin Syndrome ◽  
Dopamine Synthesis ◽  
Synthetic Analog

: Tramadol is a synthetic analog of codeine used to treat pain of moderate to severe intensity and is reported to have neurotoxic potential. At therapeutic dose, tramadol does not cause major side effects in comparison to other opioid analgesics, and is useful for the management of neurological problems like anxiety and depression. Long term utilization of tramadol is associated with various neurological disorders like seizures, serotonin syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Tramadol produces seizures through inhibition of nitric oxide, serotonin reuptake and inhibitory effects on GABA receptors. Extensive tramadol intake alters redox balance through elevating lipid peroxidation and free radical leading to neurotoxicity and produces neurobehavioral deficits. During Alzheimer’s disease progression, low level of intracellular signalling molecules like cGMP, cAMP, PKC and PKA affect both learning and memory. Pharmacologically tramadol produces actions similar to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), increasing the concentration of serotonin, which causes serotonin syndrome. In addition, tramadol also inhibits GABAA receptors in the CNS has been evidenced to interfere with dopamine synthesis and release, responsible for motor symptoms. The reduced level of dopamine may produce bradykinesia and tremors which are chief motor abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

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