Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, which is usually produced by a transesterification reaction, where the oils or fats react with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The quality of the oils used for biodiesel production strongly influences the final properties of biodiesel, namely its compliance to the European Standard. This work reports the use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the quality control of several oil properties, such as the iodine value, the water content and the acid number but, more importantly, the weight–weight percentages (wt%) of soybean, palm and rapeseed oil in mixtures. Principal component analysis was used to perform a qualitative analysis of the spectra, whereas partial least squares regression allowed the development of calibration models between analytical reference data and NIR spectra. The calibration ranges were 60–126 g I2 100 g−1 for the iodine value, 478–2500 mg kg−1 for the water content and 0.13-6.56 mg KOH g−1 for the acid number, whereas the validation errors were around 3.1 g I2 100 g−1, 111 mg kg−1 and 0.22 mg KOH g−1, respectively. The results obtained show that NIR spectroscopy is a promising technique to carry out the quality control of the commonly used vegetable oils for biodiesel production, namely the quality assurance and authenticity. Furthermore, it is of great value to have a simple, fast and reliable method to identify the composition of an oil mixture and/or some of its quality parameters, prior to storage or upon admission of a new lot of oil.
Textile Recognition and Sorting for Recycling at an Automated Line Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy
