Locally Linear Embedding Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure

Quality variables are measured much less frequently and usually with a significant time delay by comparison with the measurement of process variables. Monitoring process variables and their associated quality variables is essential undertaking as it can lead to potential hazards that may cause system shutdowns and thus possibly huge economic losses. Maximum correlation was extracted between quality variables and process variables by partial least squares analysis (PLS) (Kruger et al. 2001; Song et al. 2004; Li et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015).

Impact of Chilling Rate on the Evolution of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Raw Lamb Meat during Refrigeration

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chilling rate (1.44, 22.2, and 32.4 °C/h) on the evolution of volatile and non-volatile compounds in raw lamb meat during refrigeration (1, 24, 72, and 120 h). Through orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis, the calculation of odor activity values (OAV > 1) and taste activity values (TAV > 1) analysis, 1-octen-3-ol, (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, nonanal, hexanal, nona-3,5-dien-2-one, 2,3-octanedione, hexanoic acid, 1-nonen-4-ol, aspartate (Asp), Glutamic Acid (Glu), 5′-GMP, 5′-IMP, and 5′-AMP were regarded as differential flavor or taste compounds for raw meat undergone different chilling rates. With a rapid chilling rate at 24 h after slaughter, the contribution of 1-octen-3-ol decreased, but (E, E)-2,4-decadienal increased. Moreover, at 24 h post-mortem, the equivalent umami concentration of Asp, Glu, 5′-GMP, 5′-IMP and 5′-AMP in raw meat were significantly lower at a chilling rate of 1.44 °C/h than 32.4 °C/h (p < 0.05). Conclusively, under the rapid chilling rate, more fatty odor and umami compounds accumulated in 24 h aged meat.

Pedal Curves of the Mixed-Type Curves in the Lorentz-Minkowski Plane

In this paper, we consider the pedal curves of the mixed-type curves in the Lorentz–Minkowski plane R12. The pedal curve is always given by the pseudo-orthogonal projection of a fixed point on the tangent lines of the base curve. For a mixed-type curve, the pedal curve at lightlike points cannot always be defined. Herein, we investigate when the pedal curves of a mixed-type curve can be defined and define the pedal curves of the mixed-type curve using the lightcone frame. Then, we consider when the pedal curves of the mixed-type curve have singular points. We also investigate the relationship of the type of the points on the pedal curves and the type of the points on the base curve.

Iterative learning control for tracking varying-amplitude and morphologically similar targets

To break through the limitation of conventional iterative learning control algorithm (ILC) that requires a fixed target, a new ILC algorithm is designed for tracking the varying-amplitude but morphologically similar targets. First, the problem is formulated, in which the tracking target is selected as varying-amplitude and biased-measured. Then, the process of the ILC algorithm based on a variable-gain-proportional-integral scheme is discussed, in which the magnitude coefficient is defined and calculated by orthogonal projection and utilised to redefine the error and build the refreshment algorithm of the input. Next, the convergence of the algorithm is analysed and the applicational simulation is conducted. Results show that the new ILC algorithm has the ability in dealing with the trajectory of the varying but morphologically similar target and the applicational scenario of the ILC algorithm is expanded.