scholarly journals Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, precursors of ubiquinone in higher plants, green algae and fungi

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 55P-55P ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Threlfall ◽  
A Law ◽  
G R Whistance
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Coumaric Acid

Über die Lactonringbildung des Cumarins

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 768-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lactone Ring ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Reaction Sequence ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Common Precursor ◽  
Hierochloe Odorata ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Tracer experiments with 14C have shown that p-coumaric acid is over 70 times less efficient than cinnamic acid as a precursor of coumarin in Hierochloe odorata, and that tyrosine is over 60 times less efficient than phenylalanine. The results show that in this species the reaction sequence postulated by HAWORTH, in which coumarins are formed from p-coumaric acid, is not significantly involved in the biosynthesis of coumarin itself. It is suggested that, in higher plants, cinnamic acid (or an “activated“ form of it) is a common precursor of all coumarins, and that ortho- or para-hydroxylation of this compound leads subsequently to the formation of coumarin and the 7-hydroxycoumarins, respectively. Different enzyme systems may be required for the formation of the lactone ring of coumarin and the 7-hydroxycoumarins.

A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Pro-Vascular Cellular Morphology in Chaetophora Incressata

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
A. E. Hotchkiss ◽  
A. T. Hotchkiss ◽  
R. P. Apkarian
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron

Multicellular green algae may be an ancestral form of the vascular plants. These algae exhibit cell wall structure, chlorophyll pigmentation, and physiological processes similar to those of higher plants. The presence of a vascular system which provides water, minerals, and nutrients to remote tissues in higher plants was believed unnecessary for the algae. Among the green algae, the Chaetophorales are complex highly branched forms that might require some means of nutrient transport. The Chaetophorales do possess apical meristematic groups of cells that have growth orientations suggestive of stem and root positions. Branches of Chaetophora incressata were examined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for ultrastructural evidence of pro-vascular transport.

METABOLISM OF PHENYLPROPANOID COMPOUNDS IN SALVIA: II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENOLIC CINNAMIC ACIDS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. McCalla ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Cinnamic Acids ◽  
Phenyllactic Acid ◽  
Salvia Splendens ◽  
Specific Activities

p-Coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids were found to occur in Salvia splendens Sello in alkali-labile compounds of unknown constitution. A number of C14-labelled compounds were administered to leafy cuttings of salvia and these phenolic acids were isolated after a metabolic period of several hours and their specific activities measured. Cinnamic acid, dihydrocinnamic acid, L-phenylalanine, and (−)-phenyllactic acid were found to be good precursors of the phenolic acids. D-Phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and (+)-phenyllactic acid were poor precursors. A kinetic study of the formation of the phenolic acids from L-phenylalanine-C14 gave data consistent with the view that p-coumaric acid → caffeic acid → ferulic acid → sinapic acid, and that these compounds can act as intermediates in lignification. Feeding of C14-labelled members of this series showed that salvia could convert any one to a more complex member of the series but not so readily to a simpler member. Caffeic acid-β-C14 was obtained from salvia after the feeding of L-phenylalanine-β-C14 or cinnamic acid-β-C14, and caffeic acid labelled only in the ring was obtained after feeding generally labelled shikimic acid.

scholarly journals Identification of the Tyrosine- and Phenylalanine-Derived Soluble Metabolomes of Sorghum

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Simpson ◽  
Jacob Olson ◽  
Brian Dilkes ◽  
Clint Chapple
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Flavonoid Glycosides ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Proportional Contribution ◽  
Negative Ionization ◽  
Derivatives Of

The synthesis of small organic molecules, known as specialized or secondary metabolites, is one mechanism by which plants resist and tolerate biotic and abiotic stress. Many specialized metabolites are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr). In addition, the improved characterization of compounds derived from these amino acids could inform strategies for developing crops with greater resilience and improved traits for the biorefinery. Sorghum and other grasses possess phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes that generate cinnamic acid from Phe and bifunctional phenylalanine/tyrosine ammonia-lyase (PTAL) enzymes that generate cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid from Phe and Tyr, respectively. Cinnamic acid can, in turn, be converted into p-coumaric acid by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase. Thus, Phe and Tyr are both precursors of common downstream products. Not all derivatives of Phe and Tyr are shared, however, and each can act as a precursor for unique metabolites. In this study, 13C isotopic-labeled precursors and the recently developed Precursor of Origin Determination in Untargeted Metabolomics (PODIUM) mass spectrometry (MS) analytical pipeline were used to identify over 600 MS features derived from Phe and Tyr in sorghum. These features comprised 20% of the MS signal collected by reverse-phase chromatography and detected through negative-ionization. Ninety percent of the labeled mass features were derived from both Phe and Tyr, although the proportional contribution of each precursor varied. In addition, the relative incorporation of Phe and Tyr varied between metabolites and tissues, suggesting the existence of multiple pools of p-coumaric acid that are fed by the two amino acids. Furthermore, Phe incorporation was greater for many known hydroxycinnamate esters and flavonoid glycosides. In contrast, mass features derived exclusively from Tyr were the most abundant in every tissue. The Phe- and Tyr-derived metabolite library was also utilized to retrospectively annotate soluble MS features in two brown midrib mutants (bmr6 and bmr12) identifying several MS features that change significantly in each mutant.

Creativity Thinks on the Significances of Geobiology about the Coal Series

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Shuo Fu Tian ◽  
Chao Jin Lu ◽  
Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coal Bed ◽  
Geologic History ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Coal Petrology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Plants

It is the components, living things evolution processes, development environments, distribution layers and the earliest time for coal series formation that are investigated and studied in detail based on the author’s graduation thesis, the “Geobiology” , the “China coal petrology” and the other’s some references in this paper. And it is considered that mainly two types of the Coal Series might be distinguish in the geologic history in China, respectively consisted of the lower organisms (especially the lower plants, blue-green algae) and higher organisms (especially the higher plants, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, Anthophyta). Meanwhile, the conclusions can be drawn that the development of the organisms is not only controlled by the environments, on the other hand, the environments and their sediments are also affected by the ecologies of the organisms. So the coal bed or coal series can be used as the marks of the environment explanation, perhaps having some Significances of Geobiology. In additional, the relationship with an unconformity or disconformity is discussed here, too.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document