Characterization of pulmonary surfactant from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep

1. Pulmonary surfactants from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep were isolated and analysed. 2. All preparations had a high anenoic phosphatidylcholine content and would produce stable surface tensions of 0.01 Nm−1 or less. 3. Protein content was 8-18% of the dry weights. A number of proteins were observed; their overall composition were high in hydrophobic amino acid residues. 4. Lipid content varied from 79% (ox) to 90% (rabbit) with phosphatidylcholine representing from 58% (sheep) to 83% (rabbit) of the total lipid. The surfactant preparations were rather similar in lipid composition except that sheep surfactant contained about 10% lysophosphatidylcholine. 5. Hexadecanoic acid was the principal fatty acid. It was particularly high in phosphatidylcholine. 6. Phosphatidylglycerol was a minor constituent of all surfactants but phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine was not detected.

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Characterization of emulsions and lipolysis of dietary lipids in the human stomach

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1994.266.3.g372 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 266 (3) ◽

pp. G372-G381 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

M. Armand ◽

P. Borel ◽

C. Dubois ◽

M. Senft ◽

J. Peyrot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Droplets ◽

Present Finding ◽

Droplet Diameter ◽

Human Stomach ◽

Dietary Lipids ◽

Gastric Lipase ◽

A Minor ◽

First Time

Fasting subjects were intragastrically intubated and received a coarsely emulsified test meal. Gastric aspirates were collected after 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. During digestion in the stomach, unemulsified lipids (> or = 100 microns) represented a minor fraction. A significant amount of the large 70- to 100-microns lipid droplets disappeared, and fine 1- to 10-microns droplets were generated. The median lipid droplet diameter significantly decreased (21.9 vs. 52.9 microns) after 1 h and kept intermediate values for longer periods of time. The emulsion surface area was 100-120 m2/l and was basically provided by 1- to 100-microns droplets. Lipolysis catalyzed by gastric lipase primarily occurred within the first hour of digestion (11.9%). Smaller droplets were enriched in triglyceride lipolytic products. The free fatty acid concentrations were in the range of 5.6-8.2 mM over 1-4 h. The present finding demonstrates for the first time that in the human stomach most dietary lipids are present in the form of emulsified droplets, in the range of 20-40 microns, and that gastric lipolysis can help to increase emulsification in the stomach.

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PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A MUTANT OF NANNOCHLOROPSIS DEFICIENT IN THE SYNTHESIS OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID

Israel Journal of Plant Sciences ◽

10.1080/07929978.1998.10676716 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 101-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Assaf Sukenik ◽

Jane Schneider C. ◽

Paul Roessler G. ◽

Alexander Livne ◽

Tamar Berner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Minor Role ◽

Wild Type ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

A Minor

Photosynthetic performance of an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) deficient mutant of the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. was compared to the wild type (Wt) strain in order to evaluate the effect of fatty acid composition on the function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Cellular photosynthetic capacity and the cellular pool of pigments and of reaction centers were reduced in the mutant concomitant with a reduction in the amount of thylakoid membranes and their volume-specific density. Despite the changes observed in photosynthetic activity, the fluorescence properties of the mutant were virtually the same as those of the wild type, although the phase transition of thylakoid membrane was recorded at higher temperature in the mutant than in the Wt. The results suggest that the change in one double bond in a very long chain fatty acid of the thylakoid lipids plays a minor role in regulating photosynthetic electron transport, but that the mutation modified the ability of the mutant to acclimate to low-irradiance conditions.

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GC-MS Characterization of Unsweetened and Sweetened “Kunun-zaki” Beverage and Pulp

Asian Food Science Journal ◽

10.9734/afsj/2020/v19i130230 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-39

Author(s):

Esienanwan Esien Efiong ◽

Jonathan Maduka Nwaedozie ◽

Abraham Ehinomhen Ubhenin ◽

Emmanuel Hala Kwon- Ndung

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Octadecadienoic Acid ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Hexadecanoic Acid ◽

Sweet Potatoes ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Significant Health

Aims: To characterize unsweetened and sweetened “kunun-zaki” drink/pulp using GC-MS. Study Design: The experimental groups were divided into four: unsweetened “kunun-zaki” drink, sweetened “kunun-zaki” drink, unsweetened “kunun-zaki” pulp and sweetened “kunun-zaki” pulp respectively. Place of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State and Central Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Ilorin, Nigeria. Methodology: The processes involved sorting, cleaning, soaking, decanting, washing, milling, gelatinization, fermentation, and sieving. Unsweetened “kunun-zaki” beverage was made from millet, sorghum, soybean, dried sweet potatoes, germinated rice, ginger, and cloves. The same process was followed for the sweetened variety, with addition of dried dates. After sieving to collect “kunun-zaki” beverage, the remnant was the pulp. Hydrodistillation and Soxhlet apparatus were used to extract the essential oils, and fatty acids respectively. Fatty acid methyl esters of the samples were then analysed using GC-MS. Results: The GC chromatogram identified three constituents in unsweetened “kunun-zaki” drink. The dominant constituents were 9,12-octadecadienenoic acid (z,)- (73.36%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (19.31%). Eleven compounds were identified in sweetened “kunun-zaki” drink. The most abundant was 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 54.062%, followed by n-hexadecanoic acid (17.278%). Twenty-one peaks corresponding to eighteen compounds were detected in unsweetened “kunun-zaki” pulp. The dominant constituents were gingerol (20.262%), 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene,2,3,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-3,6,8,8-teramethyl-,[3R-(3α,3aβ,7 β,8aα)]- (19.925%), 2-Butanone,4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- (15.59%), and cedrene (10.977%). For sweetened “kunun-zaki” pulp, four compounds were detected. The dominant compounds being 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (z,z)- (68.664%), n-hexadecanoic acid (18.654%), and oleic acid (10.199%). Conclusion: The results showed safe fatty acid profile of all samples for different health status. Other components showed bioactivities with significant health benefits. This study identified compounds which validate the medicinal claims of “kunun-zaki.” This is the first documentation of GC-MS profiling of “kunun-zaki” parts.

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Chemical Characterization of the Lipophilic Fraction of Livistona Decipiens and Livistona Chinensis Fruit Pulps (Palmae) and Assessment of Their Anti-hyperlipidemic and Anti-ulcer Activities

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0900400220 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X0900400

Author(s):

Hazem Kadry ◽

Soha Shoala ◽

Omayma El Gindi ◽

Amany A. Sleem ◽

Salwa Mosharrafa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Rat Stomach ◽

Principal Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Fruits ◽

Livistona Chinensis ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

The oil of the dried pulps of Livistona decipiens and L. chinensis palm fruits have been studied for the first time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for their unsaponifiable matter (USM) and fatty acid composition (FAME). The anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-ulcer activities for both oils were also assayed. The principal fatty acid of L. decipiens pulp oil was oleic acid (53.4 %) and of L. chinensis pulp oil palmitic acid (47.4 %). In relation to anti-hyperlipidemic properties, the pulp oil of L. decipiens presented a better profile than that of L. chinensis, in comparison with the reference standard (simvastatin). In addition, both pulp oils showed high anti-ulcer activity using an indomethacin-induced ulceration technique in rat stomach. The relationship between the anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-ulcer and chemical composition of the pulp oils is also discussed.

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Functional Characterization of a Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Diaphorina citri Revealed by RNA Interference and Transcriptome Sequencing

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12121074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1074

Author(s):

Jian-Chun Song ◽

Zhan-Jun Lu ◽

Long Yi ◽

Hai-Zhong Yu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Rna Interference ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Instar Nymph ◽

Amino Acid Residues ◽

Diaphorina Citri ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Qpcr Analysis ◽

Phosphate Synthase

Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays an important role in the synthesis of trehalose. In the current study, a TPS gene was obtained from Diaphorina citri, and named as DcTPS1 which encoded a protein of 833 amino acid residues. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that DcTPS1 had the highest expression level in the midgut and fifth-instar nymph stage. Knockdown of DcTPS1 by RNA interference (RNAi) induced an abnormal phenotype and increased mortality and malformation rate with a decreased molting rate. In addition, silencing of DcTPS1 significantly inhibited D. citri chitin metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, while the expression levels of fatty acid decomposition-related genes were downregulated. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomics analysis revealed that 791 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated and 678 DEGs were downregulated when comparing dsDcTPS1 groups with dsGFP groups. Bioinformatics analysis showed that upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in oxidative phosphorylation, whereas downregulated DEGs were mainly attributed to the lysosome and ribosome. These results indicated that DcTPS1 played an important role in the growth and development of D. citri.

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Characterization of xyloglucan-specific fucosyltransferase activity in Golgi-enriched microsomal preparations from wheat seedlings

10.1101/803395 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Richard E. Wiemels ◽

Wei Zeng ◽

Nan Jiang ◽

Ahmed Faik

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Ionization Mass ◽

Minor Constituent ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Dicotyledonous Plants ◽

A Minor

AbstractXyloglucan (XyG) is a major hemicellulosic polymer in primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants but represents only a minor constituent of cell walls from graminaceous monocotyledons (Poaceae). Our current information on XyG biosynthesis in vitro comes exclusively from studies on dicotyledonous plants. While XyG has been reported in grass cell walls, there are no studies of XyG biosynthesis in vitro in grasses. In this report, we investigated XyG structure and biosynthesis in etiolated wheat seedlings and showed that their walls contain small amounts (4-14%) of XyG. Furthermore, structural analysis using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and high pH anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) revealed that wheat XyG may be of XXGGG-type. Interestingly, detergent extracts from root microsomes were able to fucosylate tamarind XyG in vitro in a similar way as fucosyltransferase activity from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFUT1) and pea (PsFUT1). Endoglucanase digestion of the [14C]fucosylated-tamarind XyG formed by the wheat fucosyltransferase activity released radiolabeled oligosaccharides that co-eluted with authentic fucoslyated XyG oligosaccharides (XXFG and XLFG). Although wheat fucosyltransferase activity was low, it appeared to be specific to XyG and required divalent ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+) for full activity. Together, these results suggest that the XyG fucosylation mechanism is conserved between monocots and dicots.

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Shiga Toxin (Stx)-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells (pHRCEpiCs) and Stx-Mediated Cytotoxicity

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13020139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Johanna Detzner ◽

Elisabeth Krojnewski ◽

Gottfried Pohlentz ◽

Daniel Steil ◽

Hans-Ulrich Humpf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Human Kidney ◽

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Liquid Ordered ◽

Uremic Syndrome

Human kidney epithelial cells are supposed to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The characterization of the major and minor Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer), respectively, of primary human renal cortical epithelial cells (pHRCEpiCs) revealed GSLs with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0), and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0) as the dominant lipoforms. Using detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and non-DRMs, Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer prevailed in the DRM fractions, suggesting their association with microdomains in the liquid-ordered membrane phase. A preference of Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer endowed with C24:0 fatty acid accompanied by minor monounsaturated C24:1-harboring counterparts was observed in DRMs, whereas the C24:1 fatty acid increased in relation to the saturated equivalents in non-DRMs. A shift of the dominant phospholipid phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acids in the DRM to unsaturated species in the non-DRM fractions correlated with the GSL distribution. Cytotoxicity assays gave a moderate susceptibility of pHRCEpiCs to the Stx1a and Stx2a subtypes when compared to highly sensitive Vero-B4 cells. The results indicate that presence of Stx-binding GSLs per se and preferred occurrence in microdomains do not necessarily lead to a high cellular susceptibility towards Stx.

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