The complexity of tetraspanins

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Molecular Interaction ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Membrane Compartmentalization

Tetraspanins compose a family of structurally related molecules with four transmembrane domains. A total of 33 tetraspanins are present in the human genome, and tetraspanins are also found in plants and certain fungi. A well-known property of tetraspanins is their ability to interact with one another and many other surface proteins, which led to the suggestion that they organize a network of molecular interaction referred to as the ‘tetraspanin web’, and that they play a role in membrane compartmentalization. Recent studies of the dynamics of these molecules provided important new information that helped refining the models of this ‘web’. Several genetic studies in mammals and invertebrates have demonstrated key physiological roles for some of the tetraspanins, in particular in immune response, sperm–egg fusion, photoreceptor function and the normal function of certain epitheliums or vascular development. However, in several examples, the phenotypes of tetraspanin-knockout mice are relatively mild or restricted to a particular organ, despite a wide tissue distribution.

scholarly journals The Brilliance of Borrelia: Mechanisms of Host Immune Evasion by Lyme Disease-Causing Spirochetes

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Cassidy Anderson ◽  
Catherine A. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Tick Saliva ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide Resistance

Lyme disease (LD) has become the most common vector-borne illness in the northern hemisphere. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is capable of establishing a persistent infection within the host. This is despite the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. B. burgdorferi utilizes several immune evasion tactics ranging from the regulation of surface proteins, tick saliva, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and the disabling of the germinal center. This review aims to cover the various methods by which B. burgdorferi evades detection and destruction by the host immune response, examining both the innate and adaptive responses. By understanding the methods employed by B. burgdorferi to evade the host immune response, we gain a deeper knowledge of B. burgdorferi pathogenesis and Lyme disease, and gain insight into how to create novel, effective treatments.

scholarly journals Immune response of calves inoculated with proteins ofAnaplasma marginale bound to an immunostimulant complex

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Ribeiro Gasparini ◽  
Rafael Felipe da Costa Vieira ◽  
Denise Amaral Gomes do Nascimento ◽  
João Luis Garcia ◽  
Odilon Vidotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Third ◽  
Additional Testing ◽  
Major Surface Proteins ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Major Surface

Despite our current knowledge of the immunology, pathology, and genetics of Anaplasma marginale, prevention in cattle is currently based on old standbys, including live attenuated vaccines, antibiotic treatment, and maintaining enzootic stability in cattle herds. In the present study, we evaluated the use of an immunostimulant complex (ISCOMATRIX) adjuvant, associated with a pool of recombinant major surface proteins (rMSP1a, rMSP1b, rMSP4 and rMSP5) to improve the humoral immune response triggered in calves mainly by IgG2. Ten calves were divided in three groups: 4 calves were inoculated with the ISCOMATRIX/rMSPs (G1); 2 calves were inoculated with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant (G2); and 4 calves received saline (G3). Three inoculations were administered at 21-day intervals. In G1, the calves showed significant increases in total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2 levels 21 days after the second inoculation, compared to the control group (p < 0.05), and G1 calves remained above the cut-off value 28 days after the third inoculation (p < 0.05). The post-immunized sera from calves in G1 reacted specifically for each of the rMSPs used. In conclusion, the ISCOMATRIX/rMSPs induced antigen-specific seroconversion in calves. Therefore, additional testing to explore the protection induced by rMSPs, both alone and in conjunction with proteins previously identified as subdominant epitopes, is warranted.

Impairment of Immune Response against Dematiaceous Fungi in Card9 Knockout Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 181 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Wu ◽  
Ruijun Zhang ◽  
Xiaowen Wang ◽  
Yinggai Song ◽  
Zhengyang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Dematiaceous Fungi

An HLA-restricted, p53 specific immune response from HLA transgenic p53 knockout mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. McCarty ◽  
Zhiwei Yu ◽  
Xiping Liu ◽  
Don J. Diamond ◽  
Joshua D. I. Ellenhorn
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Specific Immune Response

scholarly journals A conserved long noncoding RNA, GAPLINC, modulates the immune response during endotoxic shock

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. e2016648118
Author(s):  
Apple Cortez Vollmers ◽  
Sergio Covarrubias ◽  
Daisy Kuang ◽  
Aaron Shulkin ◽  
Justin Iwuagwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Endotoxic Shock ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Inflammatory Genes ◽  
Lps Challenge

Recent studies have identified thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mammalian genomes that regulate gene expression in different biological processes. Although lncRNAs have been identified in a variety of immune cells and implicated in immune response, the biological function and mechanism of the majority remain unexplored, especially in sepsis. Here, we identify a role for a lncRNA—gastric adenocarcinoma predictive long intergenic noncoding RNA (GAPLINC)—previously characterized for its role in cancer, now in the context of innate immunity, macrophages, and LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Transcriptome analysis of macrophages from humans and mice reveals that GAPLINC is a conserved lncRNA that is highly expressed following macrophage differentiation. Upon inflammatory activation, GAPLINC is rapidly down-regulated. Macrophages depleted of GAPLINC display enhanced expression of inflammatory genes at baseline, while overexpression of GAPLINC suppresses this response. Consistent with GAPLINC-depleted cells, Gaplinc knockout mice display enhanced basal levels of inflammatory genes and show resistance to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. Mechanistically, survival is linked to increased levels of nuclear NF-κB in Gaplinc knockout mice that drives basal expression of target genes typically only activated following inflammatory stimulation. We show that this activation of immune response genes prior to LPS challenge leads to decreased blood clot formation, which protects Gaplinc knockout mice from multiorgan failure and death. Together, our results identify a previously unknown function for GAPLINC as a negative regulator of inflammation and uncover a key role for this lncRNA in modulating endotoxic shock.

scholarly journals Multiomic Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 Patients Reveals Early Infection Trajectories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yapeng Su ◽  
Daniel Chen ◽  
Christopher Lausted ◽  
Dan Yuan ◽  
Jongchan Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
B Cell Receptor ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

SUMMARYHost immune responses play central roles in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection, yet remain incompletely characterized and understood. Here, we present a comprehensive immune response map spanning 454 proteins and 847 metabolites in plasma integrated with single-cell multi-omic assays of PBMCs in which whole transcriptome, 192 surface proteins, and T and B cell receptor sequence were co-analyzed within the context of clinical measures from 50 COVID19 patient samples. Our study reveals novel cellular subpopulations, such as proliferative exhausted CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, that may be features of severe COVID-19 infection. We condensed over 1 million immune features into a single immune response axis that independently aligns with many clinical features and is also strongly associated with disease severity. Our study represents an important resource towards understanding the heterogeneous immune responses of COVID-19 patients and may provide key information for informing therapeutic development.

Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to human disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ann Misch ◽  
Thomas R. Hawn
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Although several lines of evidence suggest that variation in human inflammation is genetically controlled, the genes which regulate these responses are largely unknown. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) mediate recognition of microbes, regulate activation of the innate immune response and influence the formation of adaptive immunity. Cellular and molecular studies over the past several years have identified a number of common TLR polymorphisms that modify the cellular immune response and production of cytokines in vitro. In addition, human genetic studies suggest that some of these polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to a spectrum of diseases. In this review, we summarize studies of common TLR polymorphisms and how this work is beginning to illuminate the influence of human variation on inflammation and disease susceptibility.

Bio-Inspired Algorithms in Bioinformatics I

2011 ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
José Antonio Seoane Fernández ◽  
Mónica Miguélez Rico
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
New Information ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
The Human Genome Project

Large worldwide projects like the Human Genome Project, which in 2003 successfully concluded the sequencing of the human genome, and the recently terminated Hapmap Project, have opened new perspectives in the study of complex multigene illnesses: they have provided us with new information to tackle the complex mechanisms and relationships between genes and environmental factors that generate complex illnesses (Lopez, 2004; Dominguez, 2006). Thanks to these new genomic and proteomic data, it becomes increasingly possible to develop new medicines and therapies, establish early diagnoses, and even discover new solutions for old problems. These tasks however inevitably require the analysis, filtration, and comparison of a large amount of data generated in a laboratory with an enormous amount of data stored in public databases, such as the NCBI and the EBI. Computer sciences equip biomedicine with an environment that simplifies our understanding of the biological processes that take place in each and every organizational level of live matter (molecular level, genetic level, cell, tissue, organ, individual, and population) and the intrinsic relationships between them. Bioinformatics can be described as the application of computational methods to biological discoveries (Baldi, 1998). It is a multidisciplinary area that includes computer sciences, biology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistics. The three main tasks of bioinformatics are the following: develop algorithms and mathematical models to test the relationships between the members of large biological datasets, analyze and interpret heterogeneous data types, and implement tools that allow the storage, retrieve, and management of large amounts of biological data.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with Immunorecessive Epitopes of Glucuronoxylomannan, the Major Capsular Polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Brandt ◽  
Peter Thorkildson ◽  
Thomas R. Kozel
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serotype A ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
New Information

ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is surrounded by an antiphagocytic capsule whose primary constituent is glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). An epitope shared by GXM serotypes A, B, C, and D is immunodominant when mice are immunized with serotype A GXM. In contrast, an epitope shared only by serotypes A and D is immunodominant when mice are immunized with serotype D. Hybridomas secreting antibodies reactive with subdominant epitopes were identified through a positive-negative screening procedure in which antibody-secreting colonies were characterized by reactivity with both the immunizing polysaccharide and GXMs from each of the four major serotypes. In this manner, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that was reactive with an epitope shared only by serotypes A and B was identified and designated F10F5. Such an epitope has not been described previously. Immunization of mice with de-O-acetylated serotype A GXM generated a hybridoma that secreted an antibody, designated F12D2, that was reactive with all four serotypes. Unlike previously described monoclonal and polyclonal panspecific antibodies, the reactivity of MAb F12D2 was not altered by de-O-acetylation of GXM. These results indicate that there are at least two panspecific GXM epitopes; one epitope is dependent on O acetylation for antibody reactivity, and the other is independent of O acetylation. This study identifies strategies for production of MAbs that are reactive with subdominant or cryptic GXM epitopes and provides new information regarding the antigenic makeup and the humoral immune response to GXM, an essential virulence factor that is a target for active and passive immunization.

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