Cardio-Respiratory Response to Treadmill Exercise in Normal Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra D. Anderson ◽  
S. Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Ventilatory Responses

1. Studies have been made of the response to running on a treadmill in forty boys and girls aged 5–15 years. 2. Each child was studied at two consecutive levels of steady-state work representing about 50% and 80% of his physical working capacity. Cardiac output was measured by the Indirect (CO2) Fick method. 3. The cardiac and ventilatory responses to exercise were similar to those seen during cycling on an ergometer except that the heart rate and the respiratory exchange ratio were a little lower. Stroke volume was the same. 4. The responses of children to running and cycling are discussed and the similarity to the responses of adults is noted.

Habituation of Children to Treadmill Walking and Running: Metabolic and Kinematic Criteria

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Frost ◽  
Oded Bar-Or ◽  
James Dowling ◽  
Catherine White
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Stride Rate ◽  
The Stability

This study examined habituation to treadmill walking or running in children. Twenty-four boys and girls, ages 7–11, completed six 6-min trials of treadmill exercise at one of these speeds: (a) comfortable walking pace (CWP), (b) CWP + 15%, (c) running at CWP + 3 km·hr−1, or (d) running as above + 15%. The six trials were repeated in a second visit. The a priori criterion for habituation was a decrease in steady state values of oxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and stride rate (SR) or an increase in stride length (SL) and hip joint vertical amplitude (HA) from one trial to the next. There was no consistent pattern indicating habituation for the group. Many trials and more than one day of testing do not appear to improve the stability of the metabolic or kinematic variables. The lack of consistency in individual responses suggests that monitoring subjects’ habituation individually is important.

Cardio-Respiratory Response to Exercise in Normal Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Godfrey ◽  
C. T. M. Davies ◽  
E. Wozniak ◽  
Carolyn A. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Maximum Work ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Submaximal Heart Rate

1. The results of studies during simple progressive exercise to exhaustion and steady-state submaximal exercise in 117 boys and girls aged 6–16 years are presented. 2. In the simple progressive exercise test, the highest work load achieved and the submaximal heart rate were related to size and sex. The maximum heart rate and submaximal ventilation were largely independent of size and sex. 3. Steady-state exercise was performed at one-third and two-thirds of the maximum work load achieved in the simple progressive test. The Indirect (CO2) Fick method was used to measure cardiac output. 4. At any given level of steady-state work, tidal volume, dead space, heart rate and stroke volume were closely related to size, with girls having higher heart rates and smaller stroke volumes than boys. Minute ventilation and cardiac output were virtually independent of size and sex. The cardiac output in children was the same as that in the adult for any given oxygen consumption. Blood lactate was related to size at any given work load, but was independent of size at any given fraction of the maximum working capacity.

scholarly journals Sex-Related Differences in the Maximal Lactate Steady State

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hafen ◽  
Pat Vehrs
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is one of the factors that differentiates performance in aerobic events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at the MLSS in well-trained distance runners. Twenty-two (12 female, 10 male) well-trained distance runners (23 ± 5.0 years) performed multiple 30-min steady-state runs to determine their MLSS, during which blood lactate and respiratory gas exchange measures were taken. To interpret the MLSS intensity as a training tool, runners completed a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) run at their MLSS. The relative intensity at which the MLSS occurred was identical between males and females according to both oxygen consumption (83 ± 5 %O2max) and heart rate (89 ± 7 %HRmax). However, female runners displayed a significantly lower RER at MLSS compared to male runners (p < 0.0001; 0.84 ± 0.02 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04, respectively). There was not a significant difference in TTE at MLSS between males (79 ± 17 min) and females (80 ± 25 min). Due to the observed difference in the RER at the MLSS, it is suggested that RER derived estimates of MLSS be sex-specific. While the RER data suggest that the MLSS represents different metabolic intensities for males and females, the relative training load of MLSS appears to be similar in males and female runners.

The effects of beta-alanine supplementation on physical working capacity at heart rate threshold

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie E. Smith-Ryan ◽  
Mary N. Woessner ◽  
Malia N. Melvin ◽  
Hailee L. Wingfield ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Heart Rate Threshold ◽  
Rate Threshold

Hemodynamic response of normal men to graded treadmill exercise

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton S. Tabakin ◽  
John S. Hanson ◽  
Thornton W. Merriam ◽  
Edgar J. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Elimination ◽  
Oxygen Utilization

The physiologic variables defining the circulatory and respiratory state in normal man have been measured in recumbency, standing at rest and during progressively severe grades of exercise approaching near-maximal levels. Indicator-dilution technique was used for determination of cardiac output with simultaneous radio-electrocardiographic recordings of heart rate. Direct intra-arterial pressure measurements were utilized for calculation of peripheral vascular resistance. Minute volume of ventilation, oxygen utilization, and carbon dioxide elimination were obtained from analysis of expired air collected at the time of each cardiac output determination. A peak mean workload of 1,501 kg-m/min was realized during the treadmill exercise. Increases in cardiac output over the range of exercise employed correlated well with indices of workload such as heart rate, oxygen utilization, and minute volume of ventilation. There was no correlation of stroke volume with these indices. It is concluded from examination of individual stroke-volume responses that a progressive increase in stroke volume is not a necessary or constant phenomenon in adapting to increasing workload. cardiac output in treadmill exercise; dye-dilution cardiac output determinations; arterial pressure during upright exercise; stroke-volume response to graded treadmill exercise; exercise response of cardiac output and stroke volume; peripheral vascular resistance response to position and exercise; treadmill exercise—effects on cardiac output, stroke volume, and oxygen uptake; minute ventilation, cardiac output, and stroke volume during exercise; carbon dioxide elimination during treadmill exercise; heart rate and cardiac output during treadmill exercise; exercise; physiology Submitted on July 12, 1963

Plateau in Oxygen Uptake at Maximal Exercise in Male Children

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Duncan ◽  
Anthony D. Mahon ◽  
Cheryl A. Howe ◽  
Pedro Del Corral
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Run Time ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

This study examined the influence of test duration and anaerobic capacity on VO2max and the occurrence of a VO2 plateau during treadmill exercise in 25 boys (10.4 ± 0.8 years). Protocols with 1-min (P1) and 2-min (P2) stages, but identical speed and grade changes, were used to manipulate test duration. On separate days, VO2max was measured on P1 and P2, and 200-m run time was assessed. At maximal exercise, VO2, heart rate (HR), and pulmonary ventilation (VE) were similar between protocols, however, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and treadmill elevation were higher (p < .05) on P1 than on P2. Plateau achievement was not significantly different. On P1, there were no differences between plateau achievers and nonachievers. On P2, test duration and 200-m run time were superior (p < .05), and relative VO2max tended to be higher (p < .10) in plateau achievers. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity may influence plateau achievement on long, but not short duration tests.

scholarly journals Effect of long-term training on heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in female swimmers with different sports qualifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye. L. Mykhaliuk ◽  
V. V. Syvolap ◽  
Ye. Yu. Horokhovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Central Hemodynamics ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Power Spectral

The aim of this study was to compare the indices of heart rate variability, central hemodynamics and physical working capacity in female swimmers with different sports qualifications. Materials and methods. The indices of heart rate variability (HRV), central hemodynamics (CH) and physical development (PD) were studied in 44 female swimmers (mean age 15.00 ± 0.36 years, swimming experience – 7.40 ± 0.35 years) depending on their sports qualifications (MSIC, MS, CMS, first- and second-class athletes). To analyze the autonomic regulation of cardiac activity, power spectral and time-domain indices of HRV were used. CH were examined by the method of automated tetrapolar rheography according to W. Kubiček et al. (1970) in Y. T. Pushkar’s et al. modification (1970). Physical working capacity was measured according to the generally accepted technique on a cycling ergometer using the PWC170 submaximal test. The functional state index (FSI) was calculated using the formula patented by authors. Results. Significant differences were found between the indices of HRV, CH and PD in female swimmers with different qualifications. Thus, in the athletes with the MSIC–MS sports qualifications, heart rate was 61.0 ± 3.8 bpm, cardiac index (CI) – 2.978 ± 0.098 L·min-1·m-2 (there was a trend towards the eukinetic type of hemodynamics (TH)), stress index (SI) – 51.16 ± 12.66 relative units (r.u.), PWC170/kg – 16.98 ± 1.22 kgm·min-1·kg-1, FSI – 6.511 ± 0.422 r.u. A decrease in heart rate among them was correlated with a decrease in SI, and an increase in Mo – with a decrease in CI. In female CMS swimmers, heart rate was 61.37 ± 2.83 beats/min-1, CI – 3.021 ± 0.112 l -1min -1·m -2 , a trend towards the predominantly eukinetic TH, SI – 53.73 ± 9.41 r.u., PWC170 /kg– 14.66 ± 0.683 kgm·min-1·kg -1, FSI – 5.683 ± 0.324 r.u. Reduced values of SI and CI were associated with increased values of Mo and PWC170/kg. In first- and second-class female swimmers, heart rate was 63.05 ± 2.22 beats/min, SI – 50.62 ± 6.4 r.u. This group tended to be eytonic and eukinetic. The mean value of the PWC170/kg was 14.19 ± 0.589 kgm·min-1·kg-1 and FSI – 5.953 ± 0.337 r.u. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between the decrease in heart rate and CI and the increase in Mo and PWC170/kg. Conclusions. Long-term training in female swimmers at the distance of 50 to 200 meters is accompanied by the significant increase in the PWC170/kg values with qualification improving, 14.19 ± 0.589 kgm·min-1·kg-1, 14.66 ± 0.683 kgm·min-1·kg-1; 16.98 ± 1.22 kgm·min-1·kg-1, respectively, improvements in HRV (decrease in stress index and increase in Mo) and decrease in CI.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physical Working Capacity of Differently Trained and Aged Female Aerobic Gymnasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Aleksandravičienė ◽  
Jovita Liaudeneckaitė ◽  
Ramunė Liaugminienė ◽  
Arvydas Siaurodinas ◽  
Loreta Stasiulevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Training Level ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Performance Training ◽  
Junior Athletes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Preparation

Research background and hypothesis. Physical working capacity by PWC 170  test allows estimating physical preparation of athletes’ bodies, but these indices may not be directly linked to their sports achievements.Research aim. The aim of this study was to identify and assess physical working capacity characteristics of differently trained and aged female athletes. Research methods. The study included 40 subjects: young athletes (juniors) (12–14-years-old girls) and students of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education – studying in aerobic gymnastics specialization. According to performance (training) level they were divided into the following groups: juniors (n = 10), beginners (n = 10), moderately trained (n = 10) and well-trained (n = 10) representatives of aerobic gymnastics. The testing included anthropometric measurements, heart rate (HR) measurements (HR values were recorded using heart rate measuring device “Sigma PC-15”, Germany), and PWC 170  tests. Athletes carried out two loads of physical activity at different intensities with a duration of 3 and 5 minutes (the rate of stepping (30 times per minute) was regulated according to the tempo of music that was specially prepared in the recording studio).Research results. We found that the differences in physical working capacity between well trained gymnasts and the beginners were not statistically significant. We established similar values of PWC 170   in moderately trained and junior groups; statistically significant difference (p  < 0.05) was established only comparing the latter two groups with well-trained athletes.Discusion and conclussions. The results showed that physical working capacity of well trained aerobic gymnastics athletes (participating in international competitions, world and European Championships) had not reached very high training level, but they were assessed as adequately trained. Physical working capacity of beginners was satisfactory and the indices of moderately trained  (with twice more  training and  competition experience) and junior athletes were very low.Keywords: aerobic gymnastics, physical working capacity, PWC170, heart rate.

Ventilatory responses to cardiac output changes in patients with pacemakers

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Jones ◽  
W. French ◽  
M. L. Weissman ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Cardiac Pacemakers ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Mean Delay ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
End Tidal

Cardiac output changes were induced by step changes of heart rate (HR) in six patients with cardiac pacemakers during monitoring of ventilation and gas exchange, breath-by-breath. Mean low HR was 48 beats/min; mean high HR was 82 beats/min. The change of oxygen uptake immediately after the HR change was used as an index of altered cardiac output. After HR increase, oxygen uptake (V02) rose by 34 +/- 20% (SD), and after HR decrease, Vo2 fell by 24 +/- 11%. There was no change in arterial blood pressure. After HR increase, ventilation increased, after a mean delay of 19 +/- 4 s; after HR reduction, ventilation fell, after a mean delay of 29 +/- 7 s. In the period between HR increase and the resulting increase in ventilation, end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) rose by 2.6 +/- 2.0 Torr, and in the period between HR decreases and the fall in ventilation, PETCO2 dropped by 2.9 +/- 2.2 Torr. The response time and end-tidal gas tension changes implicate the chemoreceptors in the reflex correction of blood gas disturbances that may result from imbalances between cardiac output and ventilation.

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