Speed of Onset of Adaptive Mucosal Hypoplasia and Hypofunction in the Intestine of Parenterally Fed Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hughes ◽  
R. H. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mucosal Mass ◽  
And Function ◽  
Speed Of Onset

1. To establish the speed of onset of jejunal and ileal mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction in parenterally fed rats, we measured three indices of mucosal mass, three mucosal enzymes and quantitative histology after 3, 6, 10 and 15 days of total parenteral nutrition and compared the results with those in two orally fed control groups, one with and one without intravenous catheters and metabolic cage restraint. The kinetics of galactose absorption in vivo were also measured after 10 days of total parenteral nutrition and in both control groups. 2. The most striking decrease in both jejunal and ileal mucosal wet weight and protein and DNA content per 10 cm length of intestine, occurred after only 3 days of total parenteral nutrition; thereafter the mean values showed only a slight further decrease. 3. The results of the morphometric studies showed that the hypoplasia affected the villi slightly more than the crypts. Within 3 days of starting total parenteral nutrition, mean jejunal mucosal thickness decreased by 16% and after 15 days it had fallen by 28%. The ileum showed similar, although less marked, changes. In the jejunum (not the ileum) modest cellular hypotrophy accompanied the mucosal hypoplasia; there were more epithelial cells/unit length of mid-villus and there was more DNA per g of mucosa in the total parenteral nutrition group than in the control group of rats. 4. Jejunal galactose absorption from the 16, 32 and 64 mmol/l solutions was significantly less in the 10-day total parenteral nutrition rats than in the controls, the apparent Vmax being five times greater in the orally fed animals. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) was also significantly less than normal in the jejunum of the parenterally fed rats, suggesting increased affinity of the hypothetical carrier for galactose, perhaps as a result of functionally hypermature cells. 5. Mucosal alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities per unit length of intestine decreased and α-d-glucosidase activity increased in the jejunum and ileum of the total parenteral nutrition rats. 6. These results show that during total parenteral nutrition, the ileum and particularly the jejunum show marked reductions in mucosal mass and function after only 3 days of total parenteral nutrition and that there is a more gradual and progressive loss of mucosal mass thereafter up to 15 days.

Biotin-responsive in vivo carboxylase deficiency in two siblings with secretory diarrhea receiving total parenteral nutrition

1981 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig L. Kien ◽  
Elaine Kohler ◽  
Stephen I. Goodman ◽  
Stanley Berlow ◽  
Richard Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Secretory Diarrhea

scholarly journals Evaluation of effect of local exogenous application of Myrrh oil on healing of wound incisions of facial skin (Histochemical, Histological and Histomorphometrical study in rabbits)

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawar Bahjet Kamil ◽  
Nada M. Al-Ghaban
Keyword(s):  
Healing Process ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Zealand Rabbits

Aim of the study: Is to evaluate the effect of myrrh oil local application on the healing process of skin wounds histologically , histomorphometrically and , histochemically. Materials and methods:Twenty male white New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. An incisional wounds with full thickness depth and of 2 cm length were done on both sides of the cheek skin of each rabbit. The left sided incisions (the control group) were irrigated with distilled water (10µL). The right sided incisions (the experimental groups) were treated with myrrh oil (10µL). Each group was subdivided into 4 subgroups according to the healing interval into 1,3,7 and 14 days(5 rabbits for each group). Results: Histological findings of our current study showed a highly significant difference between the experimental and the control groups in count of the inflammatory cells which showed that mean values increased with time for the control and the experimental groups. The histomorphometrical findings had shown that the thickness of the epithelium was nearly completed at about 7 days for the experimental groups and at about 14 days for the control. The blood vessels count was recorded to have a highly significant difference between the groups at days 1 and 3 only. The histochemical findings had shown that the collagen fibers remodeling had recorded a highly significant difference between the control and the experimental groups at days 7 and 14. Conclusion: The current study had revealed that myrrh oil accelerates wounds healing in rabbits. Key word:Wound healing , Myrrh oil, Masson’s Trichrome staining.

Chronic exercise and left ventricular structure and function in healthy human subjects

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Wolfe ◽  
R. P. Martin ◽  
D. D. Watson ◽  
R. D. Lasley ◽  
D. E. Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Supervised Exercise ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
And Function

Twelve healthy well-trained participants in a supervised exercise program (mean age, 41.3 yr) were compared with 12 sedentary control subjects (mean age, 38.9 yr) with physical characteristics similar to the exercised group (EG) before training. Resting echocardiograms revealed significantly lower heart rates (HR) in the EG compared with control group (CG) but no evidence for cardiac structural differences between groups. Radionuclide angiograms performed at rest and during two levels of supine cycling (HR targets: 120 and 140 beats X min-1) resulted in increases in background-corrected end-diastolic counts [EDC(bc)] and confirmed use of the Frank-Starling mechanism in the majority of subjects. Mean values (+/- SD) for ejection fraction (EF) and normalized peak systolic ejection rate (PSER) (P greater than 0.05 between groups) were the following. (Formula: see text) The results suggested that fitness training does not induce significant cardiac enlargement as apparent from measurements at rest or important changes in contractile state during exercise. Increases in exercise stroke volume with such training may be the result of an increased end-diastolic volume.

Speed of Change in Pancreatic Mass and in Intestinal Bacteriology of Parenterally Fed Rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Hughes ◽  
A. Prince ◽  
R. H. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Pancreatic Mass ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Wet Weight

1. Indices of pancreatic mass and bacterial counts for jejunal and ileal mucosa were studied in rats after 3, 6, 10 and 15 days of total parenteral nutrition and compared with the results from orally fed and sham intravenously fed control rats. 2. Pancreatic wet weight corrected for body weight decreased significantly by 31–42% after 3, 6, 10 and 15 days of total parenteral nutrition. The most striking decrease occurred within 3 days. Other indices of pancreatic mass (protein and DNA) showed a similar pattern suggesting pancreatic hypoplasia. There was more DNA per g of pancreas, indicating that unless there were changes in tissue water cellular hypotrophy must have accompanied the hypoplasia. 3. Pancreatic RNA also decreased significantly after 3–10 days of total parenteral nutrition, suggesting reduced protein synthesis. 4. Bacterial counts (log number) whether expressed as number/unit length of intestine or number/g wet weight of mucosa were decreased for anaerobic bacteria in the jejunum after 3–15 days of total parenteral nutrition. In the ileum both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria increased after 6 days of parenteral nutrition and then decreased significantly. 5. The changes in bacterial flora are unlikely to account for the adaptive hypoplasia seen in the intestine of intravenously fed rats.

scholarly journals 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in urinary samples of pesticide sprayers on exposure to organophosphorus pesticides

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Mishra ◽  
Z. G. Badade ◽  
Bhupinder Kaur Anand ◽  
Jhansi Lakshmi Lingidi ◽  
Sapna Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Invasive Techniques

<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">Free radicals and other reactive species are constantly generated <em>in vivo</em> and cause oxidative damage to biomolecules. DNA is probably the most biologically significant target of oxidative attack. Among numerous types of oxidative DNA damage the formation of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress, an adduct formed as a result of biochemical reaction between ROS and DNA. Chronic exposure to </span>Organophosphorus <span lang="EN-US">(OP) pesticides is implicated in many health conditions that result from the induction of oxidative stress, including cytogenetic damage. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the biochemical levels of 8-OHdG in spot urinary samples under the exposed OP pesticide sprayers and farm workers. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> In this study, 51 male pesticide sprayers and 39 farm workers in the age group of 18-47 years having exposure  ranged from 3 to 15 years in duration were selected. The referents (n=31) were selected on the same criteria as well as they were never exposed to pesticides at any time. This study was conducted during the growing season (January, 2009 – September, 2010). The most commonly used OP pesticides like chlorpyriphos, Diazinon, Dimethioate, Monocrotofos etc., were used in this study. Urine samples from each participant were taken in sterile tubes and were stored at -20<sup>0</sup>C till analysed. The concentration of 8-OHdG in samples were analyzed using ELISA.<strong></strong></span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results: </span></strong><span lang="EN-US">The urinary levels of 8-OHdG were found to be significantly higher in the farm workers and pesticide sprayers in contrast to the level observed in the control group (p&lt;0.05). When the data was analyzed in the exposed groups in relation to duration of exposure it was found that both the farm workers and sprayers who were exposed to OP pesticides for less than 5 years showed the maximum mean values of 8-OHdG in comparison to those exposed to for more than 10 years.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> In view of this regular bio monitoring studies in target human populations are imperative necessary due to frequent changes in pesticide formulations and introduction of newer pesticides. Despite that several life style factors may influence the<strong> </strong>urinary concentrations of 8-OHdG but still this non-invasive bio-marker 8-OHdG is preferred over other invasive techniques to evaluate the environmental and occupational exposure effect of OP pesticides on the genotoxicity of the exposed workers.</span></p>

scholarly journals Cardiac Changes in Patients on Long-Term Parenteral Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Santarpia ◽  
Roberta Esposito ◽  
Andrea Vaccaro ◽  
Lucia Alfonsi ◽  
Maria Carmen Pagano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fluid ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function

Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) on long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) chronically receive high fluid volumes directly into the right atrium (RA) through the superior vena cava. We retrospectively evaluated cardiac function measured by routine transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a population of 26 SBS patients on long-term HPN and compared their data on echocardiograph-derived right heart structure and function, with those of a control group of 26 patients also bearing a central venous catheter (CVC) for other reasons. Results showed that body weight and BMI were significantly higher in the control group. The echocardiographic estimate of RA pressure was higher in HPN patients than in controls (p = 0.01). An increased estimate of RA pressure indicates the need to consider TTE in the follow-up of long-term HPN patients to detect functional impairment early.

Gastrointestinal responses to a panel of lectins in rats maintained on total parenteral nutrition

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. G1235-G1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Jordinson ◽  
Robert A. Goodlad ◽  
Audrey Brynes ◽  
Philip Bliss ◽  
Mohammad A. Ghatei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Gastric Fundus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trophic Effect ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
A Minor

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) causes atrophy of gastrointestinal epithelia, so we asked whether lectins that stimulate epithelial proliferation can reverse this effect of TPN. Two lectins stimulate pancreatic proliferation by releasing CCK, so we asked whether lectins that stimulate gastrointestinal proliferation also release hormones that might mediate their effects. Six rats per group received continuous infusion of TPN and a once daily bolus dose of purified lectin (25 mg ⋅ rat−1 ⋅ day−1) or vehicle alone (control group) for 4 days via an intragastric cannula. Proliferation rates were estimated by metaphase arrest, and hormones were measured by RIAs. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) increased proliferation by 90% in the gastric fundus ( P < 0.05), doubled proliferation in the small intestine ( P < 0.001), and had a small effect in the midcolon ( P< 0.05). Peanut agglutinin (PNA) had a minor trophic effect in the proximal small intestine ( P < 0.05) and increased proliferation by 166% in the proximal colon ( P < 0.001) and by 40% in the midcolon ( P < 0.001). PNA elevated circulating gastrin and CCK by 97 ( P< 0.05) and 81% ( P < 0.01), respectively, and PHA elevated plasma enteroglucagon by 69% and CCK by 60% (both P < 0.05). Only wheat germ agglutinin increased the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 by 100% ( P < 0.05). PHA and PNA consistently reverse the fall in gastrointestinal and pancreatic growth associated with TPN in rats. Both lectins stimulated the release of specific hormones that may have been responsible for the trophic effects. It is suggested that lectins could be used to prevent gastrointestinal atrophy during TPN. Their hormone-releasing effects might be involved.

Individual variations in structure and function of human eccrine sweat gland

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. R203-R208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sato ◽  
F. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Eccrine Sweat Gland ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Eccrine Sweat

The mechanisms underlying variations in perspiration rate at the glandular level are still poorly understood. Human eccrine sweat glands were dissected from the back of 12 adults, cannulated, and stimulated in vitro with methacholine (Mch). The maximal sweat rate and pKA for Mch determined from the dose-response curve for each individual were compared with the anatomic dimensions of the isolated secretory tubules. There was significant correlation between Mch sensitivity (pKA) and the size of the sweat gland, sweat rate per gland, sweat rate per unit length of the secretory tubule, and sweat rate per unit glandular volume. The sweat glands from individuals judged to be poor sweaters exhibited smaller size, lower secretory activity both in vivo and in vitro, and decreased Mch sensitivity compared with glands from physically fit individuals. We conclude that the increased Mch sensitivity and glandular hypertrophy are the two important features of functionally active sweat glands and infer that these parameters could improve as a result of acclimatization to physical exercise and/or heat.

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