Index for Normalization of Blood Volume

1. A general method for the development of a blood volume index was devised to allow inter-individual comparisons. 2. An accurate and acceptable blood volume index had to fulfil certain criteria; it had to be (1) not correlated with body size, (2) highly correlated with blood volume, (3) either dimension-less or expressible in units of length or of surface area and (4) simple to calculate. 3. Available data, from the Broussais Hospital, Paris, the Zuiderziekenhuis, Rotterdam and the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, included six groups of normal subjects, male essential hypertensive patients and female essential hypertensive patients. 4. Extensive calculations, based on the available data, indicated that the equation BVI = BV/(a√H.W) (BVI = blood volume index, BV = blood volume, H = body height, W = body weight and a = a constant depending on the chosen units) was the simplest index which satisfied the above requirements. 5. As the equation SA = 0.165 √(H.W) (SA = body surface area, in m2, H in m and W in kg) is almost identical with the Dubois & Dubois formula predicting body surface area from height and weight, one may choose a = 0165 and the index BVI = BV/[0.165 √(H.W)] (/H in m, W in kg, BV in ml and BVI in ml/m2). Thus blood volume is referred to body surface area. 6. Blood volume referred to unit body surface area appears, at the present, to be the most appropriate ‘blood volume index’. However, studies of data from larger groups and from more centres are needed to confirm this conclusion.

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The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrset2184117 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

Shirazu I. ◽

Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽

Elvis K. Tiburu ◽

Mensah Y. B. ◽

Forson A.

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Clinical Application ◽

Body Surface ◽

Body Height ◽

Health Indicators ◽

The Body ◽

Body Parameters ◽

The Relationship ◽

Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

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New formula for predicting standard liver and spleen volumes in Chinese adults

10.21203/rs.2.15790/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Longbao Yang ◽

Gang Zhao ◽

Xinxing Tantai ◽

Cailan Xiao ◽

Caifeng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Weight ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Liver Volume ◽

Body Height ◽

Spleen Volume ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Volume Formula

Abstract BACKGROUNDThe liver volume and spleen volum are useful index for cirrhosis patients with esphageal varices. But the calculation of the volume is time-consuming and boring. To solve the problem, we successfully established the liver and spleen volume formula using the body surface area. We compared the liver volume formula with other four formulas, which be proved with highest accuracy and lowest error. Until now, except for the new spleen volume formula in the research, there are few reports about it.AIMTo obtain a reference range of morphological indices, and to establish a formula to accurately predict the standard liver and spleen volumes in Chinese adults.METHODSComputed tomography was used to calculate the estimated total liver volume and spleen volume of 305 Chinese adults without any diseases which could influence the volumes of these two organs. Gender, age, body height, body weight, body surface area and body mass index were determined. Correlation analysis and step-wise multiple linear regression analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of each parameter on the liver and spleen volumes, and then a formula to predict the liver and spleen volumes was established. Finally, the results obtained with the new liver volume formula with existing formulas in a validation group were compared.RESULTSThe average liver and spleen volume values were 1043.18 ± 244.60 cm3 and 175.07 ± 88.15 cm3, respectively. Age, body height, body weight, body surface area and body mass index were significantly correlated with liver and spleen volume. Body surface area showed the strongest correlation with liver volume and spleen volume( p<0.005 and p<0.001). Based on these results, new formulas to calculate the standard liver volume and standard spleen volume were established.CONCLUSIONSCompared the new liver volume formula with the existing formula, it is found that the new liver volume is more accurate. And the accuracy of the spleen volume formula is acceptable. Core tip: To solve the problem of time-consuming and boring in calculating the liver and spleen volume, we successfully established the liver and spleen volume formula can be used in Chinese adult. Though there are some reports about the liver volume, but it is different in spleen volume. The liver volume and spleen volume radio is an useful index to predict the esophageal varices and bleeding risk for cirrhosis patients. Only liver volume formula is not enough, the finding of the spleen volume is very meaningful.

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Doppler Transmitral Flow Velocity Parameters: Relationship between Age, Body Surface Area, Blood Pressure and Gender in Normal Subjects

American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology ◽

10.1159/000470723 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 3-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Julius M. Gardin ◽

Mary K. Rohan ◽

Dennis M. Davidson ◽

Ali Dabestani ◽

Mark Sklansky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Transmitral Flow ◽

And Gender

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Effect of age, sex, and body surface area on echocardiographic left ventricular wall mass in normal subjects.

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/01.hyp.9.2_pt_2.ii36 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 9 (2_pt_2) ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

J M Gardin ◽

D D Savage ◽

J H Ware ◽

W L Henry

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Left Ventricular Wall ◽

Ventricular Wall ◽

Wall Mass ◽

Effect Of Age

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The Value of Body Surface Area Used in Postpartum Hemorrhage Define Postpartum Hemorrhage

10.21203/rs.3.rs-137294/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xianyan Lu ◽

Tao Liu ◽

Yan Zhou ◽

Lili Qiu ◽

Yimin Dai

Keyword(s):

Blood Transfusion ◽

Blood Loss ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Body Surface ◽

Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽

Total Blood Volume ◽

Total Blood ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity

Abstract Background: Blood loss as a percentage of total blood volume for redefining PPH may be more appropriate compared to the 500ml cutoff for every pregnant woman. This study is to investigate the value of body surface area in redefining PPH.Methods: In our prospective clinical observational study, we calculated the total blood volume using body surface area and measured blood loss at delivery using gravimetric and volumetric methods for all pregnant women included in our cohort (n=1715). For the five different body surface area groups, we determined different percentages of blood loss in total blood volume among 1201 participants. Furthermore, we compared the prediction values in blood transfusion based on the quantification of bleeding or proportion of blood loss in total blood volume at different quintiles among 514 severe PPH cases. Results: The median total blood volume and body surface area were 4639ml and 1.73 m2, respectively. The median total blood volume increased with increasing body surface area, and the different proportions of total blood volume increased accordingly. The median blood loss was 380ml and represented 8.28% of total blood volume. The median measured 24h blood loss across quintile 1 to 5 was 363ml, 360ml, 390ml, 380ml, 440ml, respectively. Using the definition with blood loss of 500 ml and 13% percentage of total blood volume, the incidence of PPH was 30% and 19%. However, the changes of the circulatory system secondary to obstetric hemorrhage was not significantly different at each quintile. Additionally, use of blood loss or the percentage of blood loss in total blood volume has high specificity and sensitivity as the indicators to predict blood transfusion.Conclusions: Our results suggest that blood loss exceeds 13% of total blood volume as a definition of postpartum hemorrhage. Blood loss above 30% of total blood volume may be recommended for blood transfusion.

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Creatinine clearance: enzymatic vs Jaffé determinations of creatinine in plasma and urine.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/32.2.388 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 388-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

F Apple ◽

C Bandt ◽

A Prosch ◽

G Erlandson ◽

V Holmstrom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Plasma Creatinine ◽

Plasma And Urine Samples

Abstract We measured creatinine in plasma and urine samples from 17 normal subjects and 10 renally impaired subjects by four different methods: two enzymatic--Ektachem iminohydrolase and Boehringer Mannheim amidohydrolase--and two Jaffé reaction based--Beckman Astra 8 and Technicon AutoAnalyzer I. Creatinine clearances, standardized for body surface area, were also calculated. In both groups of subjects plasma creatinine values were significantly (p less than 0.05) lower, by 3 to 4 mg/L, when measured enzymatically than when measured by the Jaffé reaction. Additionally, creatinine clearances were significantly (p less than 0.05) greater by at least 30 mL/min when calculated from enzymatically measured creatinine values vs Jaffé method values for creatinine. The benefits of lack of interference with enzymatically measured creatinine concentrations and clearances should be assessed in relation to the lack of agreement with long-established (Jaffé) methods for determining creatinine (and inulin) clearances.

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Associations Between Thyroid Volume and Physical Growth in Pubertal Girls: Thyroid Volume Indexes Need to Be Applied to Thyroid Volume Assessments

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2021.662543 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yingying Wang ◽

Xiaolian Dong ◽

Chaowei Fu ◽

Meifang Su ◽

Feng Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Mass ◽

Reference Values ◽

Body Surface ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Iodine Intake ◽

Physical Growth ◽

Volume Index

BackgroundThyroid volume (Tvol) is associated with many factors, but the current reference values for Tvol in children with sufficient iodine intake are inappropriate and need to be updated. Moderate changes in thyroid morphology and accentuated increases in body fat percentage occur during puberty as an adaption of the body and sexual development occurs. This study aimed to evaluate the influences of physical growth on Tvol and propose an easily applicable method for conducting Tvol assessments in pubertal girls with sufficient iodine intake.MethodsA cohort study was conducted on 481 pubertal girls in East China from 2017 to 2019. B-ultrasound was used to assess Tvol. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of Tvol enlargement (dTvol) with changes in height (dH), weight (dW), waist circumference (dW), body mass index (dBMI), and body surface area (dBSA). Thyroid volume indexes (TVIs), including height thyroid volume index (HVI), weight and height thyroid volume index (WHVI), body mass index thyroid index (BMIV), and body surface area thyroid index (BSAV), were calculated to explore an appropriate method for Tvol assessments by Spearman correlation analyses.ResultsTvol, height, weight, BMI, and BSA increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (P<0.001). The associations between dTvol and physical growth were only observed in the 13 to 14-year-old group. dH, dW,dBMI, and dBSA were positively related to dTvol, with the maximum β of 5.74 (95%CI: 2.54 to 8.94) on dBSA, while dWC was negatively related to dTvol (β= -0.05, 95%CI: -0.08 to -0.03). Both dHVI and dBSAV were not associated with dH, dW, dBMI, or dBSA in both age groups (P>0.05).ConclusionsThyroid volume was associated with physical growth in pubertal girls in East China, both age and anthropometric measurements must be comprehensively considered to establish the reference values for Tvol. HVI, and BSAV may be better indicators for Tvol assessments in pubertal girls.

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Abstract 17526: The Role of Endothelial Function on Paroxysmal and Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.17526 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Savvas Mazaris ◽

Dimitris Tousoulis ◽

Gerasimos Siasos ◽

Konstantinos Zisimos ◽

Evangelos Oikonomou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Left Ventricle ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Creatinine Clearance ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Left Atrial ◽

Volume Index

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with various cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is well validated as a strong predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction affects the development and progression of AF. Methods: We enrolled 152 consecutive subjects with AF. Thirty five subjects had paroxysmal AF and 117 chronic (long standing persistent or permanent) AF. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilation (FMD). All subjects underwent two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment. Left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated based on biplane method of discs, left ventricle mass index to body surface area (LVmass/BSA) was calculated with the method of Devereux, left atrial diameter index to body surface area (LAdiam/BSA) was measured from the parasternal window and left atrial volume index to body surface area (LAvol/BSA) was measured based on biplane Simpson’s rule. Results: Subjects with chronic AF compared to subjects with paroxysmal AF were older (73±10 years vs. 66±15 years, p=0.002), had impaired LVEF (44±14% vs. 53±9%, p=0.001) increased LAdiam/BSA (26±4mm/m2 vs. 20±3mm/m2, p<0.001), increased LAvol/BSA (41±9.6ml/m2 vs. 29±7.7ml/m2, p<0.001), increased LVmass/BSA (116±35 gr/m2 vs. 99±29 gr/m2, p=0.06) and impaired creatinine clearance (64±18 ml/min/1.73m2 vs. 83±20 ml/min/1.73m2, p=0.001). Importantly, subjects with chronic AF had impaired FMD compared to subjects with paroxysmal AF (4.09±1.67% vs. 6.83±1.38% p<0.001). In addition, there was an inverse correlation between FMD and LAdiam/BSA (r=-0.53, p<0.001), LAvol/BSA (r=-48, p<0.001), LVmass/BSA (r=-0.364, p=0.007) and a positive correlation between FMD and LVEF (rho=0.30, p=0.003). Interestingly, a linear regression model revealed that subjects with chronic AF had impaired FMD [b=-1.61 95%CI(-2.33 to -0.89), p<0.001] even after adjustment for confounders such as age, sex, LVEF, LVmass/BSA, LAvol/BSA, creatinine clearance, arterial hypertension and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction is associated with atrial remodeling in patients with AF and is implicated in the progression from paroxysmal to chronic AF.

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CORTISOL SECRETION RATE AND URINARY CORTICOID EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND OBESE SUBJECTS

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0510186 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 186-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. Copinschi ◽

A. Cornil ◽

R. Leclercq ◽

J. R. M. Franckson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Surface Area ◽

Body Surface Area ◽

Body Surface ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Secretion Rate ◽

Adrenocortical Function ◽

Cortisol Secretion ◽

Obese People ◽

The One

ABSTRACT The adrenocortical function has been studied in 18 obese patients and in 20 normal subjects. The cortisol secretion rate and the urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids are significantly higher in the obese than in the normal subjects. Yet a great deal of overlapping exists among the groups. Highly significant correlations are found between cortisol secretion or 17-ketogenic excretion on the one hand, and body weight, body surface area or degree of obesity on the other, among pooled normal and obese individuals. When the values are related to body surface area or to actual body weight, the figures for normal and obese people are not significantly different. These data suggest that the increased cortisol secretion in moderately obese people is a function of the increase in their tissues mass.

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