Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 509-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Watson ◽  
Nicholas J. Alp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Attributable Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Contributory Factors ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease, resulting from atherosclerosis, is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Genetic predisposition and classical environmental risk factors explain much of the attributable risk for cardiovascular events in populations, but other risk factors for the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which can be identified and modified, may be important therapeutic targets. Infectious agents, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, have been proposed as contributory factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In the present review, we consider the experimental evidence that has accumulated over the last 20 years evaluating the role of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis and suggest areas for future research in this field.

scholarly journals Post-Transplant Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. CJN.00520121
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Birdwell ◽  
Meyeon Park
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Kidney Transplant Recipients ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Artery Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and morbidity in kidney transplant recipients and a common reason for post-transplant hospitalization. Several traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors exist, and many of them present pretransplant and worsened, in part, due to the addition of immunosuppression post-transplant. We discuss optimal strategies for identification and treatment of these risk factors, including the emerging role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in post-transplant diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We present common types of cardiovascular disease observed after kidney transplant, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, and valvular disease. We also discuss screening, treatment, and prevention of post-transplant cardiac disease. We highlight areas of future research, including the need for goals and best medications for risk factors, the role of biomarkers, and the role of screening and intervention.

scholarly journals Infectious Agents Are Not Necessary for Murine Atherogenesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 191 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Wright ◽  
Charlotte Burton ◽  
Melba Hernandez ◽  
Heide Hassing ◽  
Judy Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Apo E ◽  
Microbial Agents ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Recent work has revealed correlations between bacterial or viral infections and atherosclerotic disease. One particular bacterium, Chlamydia pneumoniae, has been observed at high frequency in human atherosclerotic lesions, prompting the hypothesis that infectious agents may be necessary for the initiation or progression of atherosclerosis. To determine if responses to gram-negative bacteria are necessary for atherogenesis, we first bred atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− (deficient) mice with animals incapable of responding to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Atherogenesis was unaffected in doubly deficient animals. We further tested the role of infectious agents by creating a colony of germ-free apo E−/− mice. These animals are free of all microbial agents (bacterial, viral, and fungal). Atherosclerosis in germ-free animals was not measurably different from that in animals raised with ambient levels of microbial challenge. These studies show that infection is not necessary for murine atherosclerosis and that, unlike peptic ulcer, Koch's postulates cannot be fulfilled for any infectious agent in atherosclerosis.

Role of Antibiotics for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1629-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Gabay ◽  
Rupali Jain
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Additional Risk Factor ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Prevention Of Cardiovascular Disease

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the data regarding the use of antibiotic therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular events. DATA SOURCES: Pertinent literature was identified through a MEDLINE search (1966–September 2001) and through other secondary literature databases and/or bibliographies of pertinent articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Cardiovascular disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among the general population, with well-defined risk factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition). Clinical data evaluating the association between the aforementioned risk factors and the development of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular disease are substantial; however, these risk factors may only partially explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae within atherosclerotic lesions has been documented and may be an additional risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results of primary and secondary prevention trials have shown conflicting evidence with regard to the beneficial effects of antibiotic therapy to reduce cardiovascular events. Currently, the lack of certainty in published data does not support the use of antibiotics for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clinicians should continue to emphasize interventions proven to reduce adverse cardiovascular events such as smoking cessation, reduction of hyperlipidemia, and control of hypertension.

Prediction of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfredi Rizzo ◽  
Egle Corrado ◽  
Giuseppe Coppola ◽  
Ida Muratori ◽  
Salvatore Novo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

BackgroundSeveral studies have suggested that inflammation and infection may be important for accelerated progression of atherosclerosis, but few data are available on subjects with early stages of atherosclerosis.Methods and ResultsWe included, in a prospective 5-year follow-up study, 150 patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, evaluating at baseline all established traditional cardiovascular risk factors (eg, older age, male sex, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, and dyslipidemia); 2 markers of inflammation, fibrinogen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP); and the seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus. After follow-up, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were registered in the 19% of patients, and the increment in CRP levels (in quintiles) was significantly associated with ischemic stroke (P = 0.0253), acute myocardial infarction (P = 0.0055), cardiovascular or cerebrovascular death (P = 0.0145), and the presence of any event (P = 0.0064). Most traditional cardiovascular risk factors (eg, older age, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia) were significantly associated with the events but only in the unadjusted analysis; in fact, at logistic regression analysis, among all baseline variables, only elevated CRP levels showed a predictive role (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-18.4; P = 0.0247).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that elevated CRP concentrations may significantly influence the occurrence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events in patients with baseline subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Notably, null findings were obtained by viral and bacteria titers, suggesting a greater role of inflammation (and not of infection) in the progression of atherosclerosis in our cohort. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic implications in this category of patients.

RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD:THE ROLE OF BIRTH WEIGHT AND CURRENT OBESITY

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. e441
Author(s):  
C. Ponzio ◽  
R. Sesso ◽  
M. W. Strufaldi ◽  
M. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Birth Weight

Cardiovascular Protection With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Kidney Disease

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1442-1455
Author(s):  
Pantelis Sarafidis ◽  
Christodoulos E. Papadopoulos ◽  
Vasilios Kamperidis ◽  
George Giannakoulas ◽  
Michael Doumas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Cardiovascular Protection ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease are intimately linked. They share major risk factors, including age, hypertension, and diabetes, and common pathogenetic mechanisms. Furthermore, reduced renal function and kidney injury documented with albuminuria are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events and mortality. In major renal outcome trials and subsequent meta-analyses in patients with CKD, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) were shown to effectively retard CKD progression but not to significantly reduce cardiovascular events or mortality. Thus, a high residual risk for cardiovascular disease progression under standard-of-care treatment is still present for patients with CKD. In contrast to the above, several outcome trials with SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors and MRAs (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists) clearly suggest that these agents, apart from nephroprotection, offer important cardioprotection in this population. This article discusses existing evidence on the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors and MRAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD that open new roads in cardiovascular protection of this heavily burdened population.

scholarly journals The role of Dietitian in cardiac rehabilitation and prevention

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Agostini ◽  
Barbara Biffi ◽  
Silvia Brazzo ◽  
Letizia Da Vico ◽  
Maria Luisa Masini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Reduction Of Mortality

Rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs are recognized as an essential part of the overall care of patients with cardiovascular disease. They consist of multidisciplinary strategies aiming at the reduction of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Cardiac rehabilitation includes non-pharmacological interventions as: Patients’ evaluation. Nutritional counseling. Risk factors management (serum lipids, blood pressure, weight, diabetes, smoking). Psychosocial interventions. Physical activity and cardiovascular physical training counseling. Their effectiveness in the reduction of mortality through the decrease of risk factors has been proven in the last twenty years. Guidelines on appropriate and well-framed interventions have been released and nutritional interventions have a ringside seat in all programs. During 2007, the Italian Association of Dietitians, ANDID, created a working group of expert dietitians, with the goals of making a review of available scientific literature and of elaborating a Professional Position Papers on the role of Dietitian in cardiac rehabilitation and prevention. This Position Paper retrieves and remarks the available evidence that are important for the dietitians, according to their professional role and their contribution in the management of the topic.

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