Spelling Development and Disability

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick C. Bourassa ◽  
Rebecca Treiman
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Spelling Performance ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Alphabetic Writing

This article reviews the literature on normal and impaired spelling development in English. Once children begin to learn that the function of alphabetic writing is to represent the sounds of language, they go through the process of learning sound-spelling correspondences in increasingly fine detail. Continued experience with print allows children to learn about orthographic and morphological conventions of the language. Within this general framework, the authors describe research that underscores the importance of fine-grained linguistic analyses of spelling performance. It is concluded that such an approach holds a great deal of promise for theory and practice.

scholarly journals The features of the formation of ethno-value consciousness in the modern Kazakh Pedagogical University

Eduweb ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244
Author(s):  
Ainash Aipova ◽  
Sofiya Apaeva ◽  
Assel Temirgalinova ◽  
Anara Shabambaeva ◽  
Irina Karabulatova
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Value Consciousness ◽  
Synergistic Approach ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Education Of Students ◽  
Activity Method

The specifics of the conditions for the formation of the ethno-value consciousness of future teachers based on a comprehensive approach to mastering their ethnic knowledge and skills in the process of competence and activity approaches is the goal of study. The authors used a synergistic approach based on competence-based and activity-based approaches. These approaches include the following methods: interiorization of internal cognitive activity with cross-cultural, cross-competent, cross-linguistic analyses, the method of emotional experience; frame modeling method, competence approach, psycholinguistic and pedagogical experiments. The results the essence of the ethno-value consciousness of the individual is determined; the types of values reflected in the ethno-value consciousness of the individual in the mental form are described, its specificity is revealed; the definition of the ethno-value competence is given and its components are clarified; it is proved that the main methods of forming the ethno-value consciousness of the individual is the event-activity method of reproducing the cultural scenario in order to actualize the cultural space. The results of the study can make a certain contribution to the theory and practice of ethnopedagogical education of students.

scholarly journals Fine-Grained Reductions from Approximate Counting to Decision

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Holger Dell ◽  
John Lapinskas
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Approximate Counting ◽  
Counting Problems ◽  
Negative Weight ◽  
Exponential Time ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Exponential Time Hypothesis ◽  
All Pairs Shortest Path ◽  
Orthogonal Pairs

In this article, we introduce a general framework for fine-grained reductions of approximate counting problems to their decision versions. (Thus, we use an oracle that decides whether any witness exists to multiplicatively approximate the number of witnesses with minimal overhead.) This mirrors a foundational result of Sipser (STOC 1983) and Stockmeyer (SICOMP 1985) in the polynomial-time setting, and a similar result of Müller (IWPEC 2006) in the FPT setting. Using our framework, we obtain such reductions for some of the most important problems in fine-grained complexity: the Orthogonal Vectors problem, 3SUM, and the Negative-Weight Triangle problem (which is closely related to All-Pairs Shortest Path). While all these problems have simple algorithms over which it is conjectured that no polynomial improvement is possible, our reductions would remain interesting even if these conjectures were proved; they have only polylogarithmic overhead and can therefore be applied to subpolynomial improvements such as the n 3 / exp(Θ (√ log n ))-time algorithm for the Negative-Weight Triangle problem due to Williams (STOC 2014). Our framework is also general enough to apply to versions of the problems for which more efficient algorithms are known. For example, the Orthogonal Vectors problem over GF( m ) d for constant  m can be solved in time n · poly ( d ) by a result of Williams and Yu (SODA 2014); our result implies that we can approximately count the number of orthogonal pairs with essentially the same running time. We also provide a fine-grained reduction from approximate #SAT to SAT. Suppose the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) is false, so that for some 1 < c < 2 and all k there is an O ( c n )-time algorithm for k -SAT. Then we prove that for all k , there is an O (( c + o (1)) n )-time algorithm for approximate # k -SAT. In particular, our result implies that the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) is equivalent to the seemingly weaker statement that there is no algorithm to approximate #3-SAT to within a factor of 1+ɛ in time 2 o ( n )/ ɛ 2 (taking ɛ > 0 as part of the input).

scholarly journals Metaphor in International Law: Language, Imagination and Normative Inquiry

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-195
Author(s):  
Maks Del Mar
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
State Practice

This article investigates the role and value of metaphor in normative inquiry, offering both a general framework and applying it to the theory and practice of customary international law. Metaphor is defined as the practice of supposing relations between images from a perspective. The second part of the article unpacks each of these elements, i.e. supposition, relating, image-making and perspective-taking. It considers what role each of these elements plays in metaphorical cognition and why that role is valuable (epistemically and politically). The third part of the article turns to metaphors in customary international law, focusing on metaphors of the path, ripening and crystallisation. It is argued that the shift in metaphorical practice from that of the path to crystallisation is part of what both constitutes and enables a change from a state-practice heavy approach to an opinio-juris weighted one.

scholarly journals 3D-ADDITIVE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES. THEORY AND PRACTICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
E. Glagolev
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Breaking Load ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Mineral Additive ◽  
The Difference

The results of the study of the theoretical foundations of the manufacture of building materials using 3D printing based on composite binders with various molding methods and their practical testing on prototypes of fine-grained concrete are presented. The principles of regulating the structure and properties of composites through the use of a mineral modifier for the construction of high-rise building objects using 3D-additive technology are considered. The influence of the characteristics of the raw material components on the properties of the obtained composite is shown. The structure formation of the hardening cement-containing system in the presence of a mineral modifier proceeds more intensively due to the high specific surface area and energy capacity of the components, which is an active mineral additive and the basis for the crystal formation of new hydrate compounds. The difference in the strength characteristics of the printed wall is due to the direction of the sample cut. Applying a breaking load along the direction of forming of a 3D printer gives a slightly higher strength than perpendicular to the direction of forming. This phenomenon can be explained by the shape of the layer after solidification of the mixture, which is an ellipse in cross section

Learning to Spell

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie J. Masterson ◽  
Leigh Anne Crede
Keyword(s):  
Background Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
Spelling Performance

Background information regarding spelling development and factors that influence spelling performance are presented. The use of this information in assessment and intervention activities with a student who had deficits in spelling is illustrated. After 6 weeks of treatment, the student showed improvements in both formal and informal measures of spelling performance. Implications for optimal assessment and intervention methods, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Writing the Life of the Mind

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-181
Author(s):  
Stephen Mulhall
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Ascetic Ideal ◽  
Life Of The Mind ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Mind

This chapter focuses on the relation between philosophy, biography, and autobiography, as a way of tracking how the ascetic ideal informs our thinking about our relation to ourselves, and so about selfhood in general. Certain ascetic ideas about the possibility of self-identity and truthful self-characterization are shown to crop up throughout modern treatments of autobiographical theory and practice, and to generate opposition and criticism. The work of MacIntyre, Sartre, and Heidegger provides a general framework for navigating this part of the territory of life-writing; and the recent autobiographical trilogy by J. M. Coetzee is examined as a site within which ascetic practices of confession are developed, criticized, and then turned against themselves.

Psychotherapeutic Virtues and the Grammar of Faith

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Method ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Rational Emotive Therapy ◽  
Albert Ellis ◽  
Sense Of Humor ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Secular Theory ◽  
Rational Emotive ◽  
Self Acceptance

A new method for integrating secular psychotherapies into Christian practice, “the virtues approach,” is presented, which promises more fine-grained assessment of continuities and discontinuities between Christian theory and practice and secular theory and practice, and more hope of a richly and distinctively Christian psychotherapy. Albert Ellis’ therapy is examined as a test case. Three Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) virtues–-equanimity, self-acceptance, and a sense of humor–-are compared grammatically (structurally) with their Christian counterparts, and suggestions are made about consequences for Christian RET.

Triple Helix Systems: An Analytical Framework for Innovation Policy and Practice in the Knowledge Society

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ranga ◽  
Henry Etzkowitz
Keyword(s):  
Triple Helix ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Knowledge Flows ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge

This paper introduces the concept of Triple Helix systems as an analytical construct that synthesizes the key features of university–industry–government (Triple Helix) interactions into an ‘innovation system’ format, defined according to systems theory as a set of components, relationships and functions. Among the components of Triple Helix systems, a distinction is made between (a) R&D and non-R&D innovators; (b) ‘single-sphere’ and ‘multi-sphere’ (hybrid) institutions; and (c) individual and institutional innovators. The relationships between components are synthesized into five main types: technology transfer; collaboration and conflict moderation; collaborative leadership; substitution; and networking. The overall function of Triple Helix systems – knowledge and innovation generation, diffusion and use – is realized through a set of activities in the knowledge, innovation and consensus spaces. This perspective provides an explicit framework for the systemic interaction between Triple Helix actors that was previously lacking, and a more fine-grained view of the circulation of knowledge flows and resources within and among the spaces, helping to identify existing blockages or gaps. From a Triple Helix systems perspective, the articulation and the non-linear interactions between the spaces can generate new combinations of knowledge and resources that can advance innovation theory and practice, especially at the regional level.

Staying rooted: Spelling performance in children with dyslexia

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-444
Author(s):  
DERRICK C. BOURASSA ◽  
MEGHAN BARGEN ◽  
MELISSA DELMONTE ◽  
S. HÉLÈNE DEACON
Keyword(s):  
Similar Degree ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
Spelling Performance ◽  
Spelling Ability ◽  
Dyslexic Group ◽  
Matched Design ◽  
Children's Literacy ◽  
Atypical Development

ABSTRACTSpelling is a key, and telling, component of children’s literacy development. An important aspect of spelling development lies in children’s sensitivity to morphological root constancy. This is the sensitivity to the fact that the spelling of roots typically remains constant across related words (e.g.,singinsingingandsinger). The present investigation examined the extent to which children with dyslexia and younger typically developing children are sensitive to this feature of the orthography. We did so with a spelling-level matched design (e.g., Bourassa & Treiman, 2008) and by further contrasting results with those for a sample of children of the same chronological age as the dyslexic group. Analyses revealed that the dyslexic children and their spelling-ability matched peers used the root constancy principle to a similar degree. However, neither group used this principle to its maximum extent; maximal use of root constancy did emerge for age matched peers. Overall, the findings support the idea that sensitivity to root constancy in children with dyslexia is characterized by delayed rather than atypical development.

Spelling Development in Alphabetic Writing Systems: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markéta Caravolas
Keyword(s):  
Current Data ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Component Skills ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
Orthographic Consistency

This paper reviews issues and early findings in the cross-linguistic study of alphabetic spelling development. The primary focus is on the effects that differences in orthographic consistency might have on the process of learning to spell across alphabetic writing systems. General characteristics of alphabetic writing systems are summarized, and various indicators of orthographic consistency are discussed for one consistent (Czech) and two inconsistent (English, French) orthographies. Then, against a model of spelling development in English, the results of several studies of spelling development in relatively more consistent orthographies are considered. Together, the current findings suggest that the core component skills underlying spelling development, namely, phonological awareness and letter knowledge, are similar across alphabetic languages. However, the degree of consistency of an orthography seems to play an important mediating role in determining the rate of learning to spell. The extent to which consistency interacts with the processes underlying spelling development cannot yet be determined, however current data suggest that the early learning process is fundamentally similar across alphabetic orthographies.

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