scholarly journals Toward Improved Spectral Measures of /s/: Results From Adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1175-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Koenig ◽  
Christine H. Shadle ◽  
Jonathan L. Preston ◽  
Christine R. Mooshammer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spectral Measures ◽  
Spectral Moments ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Frequency Peak ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Purpose This article introduces theoretically driven acoustic measures of /s/ that reflect aerodynamic and articulatory conditions. The measures were evaluated by assessing whether they revealed expected changes over time and labiality effects, along with possible gender differences suggested by past work. Method Productions of /s/ were extracted from various speaking tasks from typically speaking adolescents (6 boys, 6 girls). Measures were made of relative spectral energies in low- (550–3000 Hz), mid- (3000–7000 Hz), and high-frequency regions (7000–11025 Hz); the mid-frequency amplitude peak; and temporal changes in these parameters. Spectral moments were also obtained to permit comparison with existing work. Results Spectral balance measures in low–mid and mid–high frequency bands varied over the time course of /s/, capturing the development of sibilance at mid-fricative along with showing some effects of gender and labiality. The mid-frequency spectral peak was significantly higher in nonlabial contexts, and in girls. Temporal variation in the mid-frequency peak differentiated ±labial contexts while normalizing over gender. Conclusions The measures showed expected patterns, supporting their validity. Comparison of these data with studies of adults suggests some developmental patterns that call for further study. The measures may also serve to differentiate some cases of typical and misarticulated /s/.

scholarly journals Effects of Vocal Training on Students’ Voices in a Professional Drama School

OTO Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473974X1986638
Author(s):  
Jacob I. Tower ◽  
Lynn Acton ◽  
Jessica Wolf ◽  
Walton Wilson ◽  
Nwanmegha Young
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Voice Handicap Index ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Facility ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Vocal Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vocal training on acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of student actors’ voices. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary medical facility speech and swallow center. Subjects and Methods Acoustic, aerodynamic, and Voice Handicap Index–10 measures were collected from 14 first-year graduate-level drama students before and after a standard vocal training program and analyzed for changes over time. Results Among the aerodynamic measures that were collected, mean expiratory airflow was significantly reduced after vocal training. Among the acoustic measures that were collected, mean fundamental frequency was significantly increased after vocal training. On average, Voice Handicap Index–10 scores were unchanged after vocal training. Conclusion The cohort of drama students undergoing vocal training demonstrated improvements in voice aerodynamics, which indicate enhanced glottal efficiency after training. The present study also found an increased average fundamental frequency among the actors during sustained voicing and no changes in jitter and shimmer despite frequent performance.

scholarly journals Realized Measures to Explain Volatility Changes over Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Christos Floros ◽  
Konstantinos Gkillas ◽  
Christoforos Konstantatos ◽  
Athanasios Tsagkanos
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Realized Volatility ◽  
High Frequency Data ◽  
Leverage Effect ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Volatility Feedback ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

We studied (i) the volatility feedback effect, defined as the relationship between contemporaneous returns and the market-based volatility, and (ii) the leverage effect, defined as the relationship between lagged returns and the current market-based volatility. For our analysis, we used daily measures of volatility estimated from high frequency data to explain volatility changes over time for both the S&P500 and FTSE100 indices. The period of analysis spanned from January 2000 to June 2017 incorporating various market phases, such as booms and crashes. Based on the estimated regressions, we found evidence that the returns of S&P500 and FTSE100 indices were well explained by a specific group of realized measure estimators, and the returns negatively affected realized volatility. These results are highly recommended to financial analysts dealing with high frequency data and volatility modelling.

Localization and quantitative analysis of Cx43 in porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunghoon Lee ◽  
Yuuki Hiradate ◽  
Yumi Hoshino ◽  
Yeoung-gyu Ko ◽  
Kentaro Tanemura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Porcine Oocyte ◽  
Gap Junction Protein ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

SummaryMany studies of the main gap junction protein, Cx43, have been conducted in porcine oocyte research, but they have been limited to investigations of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). In this study, we verified Cx43 not in COCs, but in porcine oocytes during maturation, and conducted a quantitative time course analysis. The location and dynamics of Cx43 were examined by immunocytochemistry and western blotting, respectively. COCs were cultured in NCSU23 medium and processed for immunocytochemistry and western blotting at 0, 14, 28, and 42 h after denuding. A Cx43 signal was detected on oolemmas, transzonal projections and the surface of zona pellucidae. Western blotting showed that Cx43 band density increased from 0 to 14 h, and gradually decreased thereafter. Our results clarified that Cx43 is localized in the ooplasmic membrane through zona pellucidae and its level changes over time during culture in porcine oocytes.

Birth, marriage and death in illegitimacy: a study in northern Portugal

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Abade ◽  
Jaume Bertranpetit
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
North East ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

SummaryIn populations in which the frequency of illegitimacy is high, illegitimates and legitimates may be subjected to different demographic and social pressures, with social and genetic consequences. A rural population from north-east Portugal is studied and variables from birth, marriage and death records are compared according to the legitimacy of the individuals. The analysis shows important differential demographic patterns in infant and child mortality and in migration prior to and related to marriage, especially in women. Some changes over time and gender differences are also evident.

Work values among the unemployed: Changes over time and some gender differences

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERSTIN ISAKSSON ◽  
GUNN JOHANSSON ◽  
KATALIN BELLAAGH ◽  
ANDERS SJOBERG
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Over Time

Speech Adaptation to Kinematic Recording Sensors: Perceptual and Acoustic Findings

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dromey ◽  
Elise Hunter ◽  
Shawn L. Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensors ◽  
Acoustic Measures ◽  
Electromagnetic Sensor ◽  
Over Time

Purpose This study used perceptual and acoustic measures to examine the time course of speech adaptation after the attachment of electromagnetic sensor coils to the tongue, lips, and jaw. Method Twenty native English speakers read aloud stimulus sentences before the attachment of the sensors, immediately after attachment, and again 5, 10, 15, and 20 min later. They read aloud continuously between recordings to encourage adaptation. Sentence recordings were perceptually evaluated by 20 native English listeners, who rated 150 stimuli (which included 31 samples that were repeated to assess rater reliability) using a visual analog scale with the end points labeled as “precise” and “imprecise.” Acoustic analysis began by segmenting and measuring the duration of the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ as well as the whole sentence. The spectral center of gravity and spectral standard deviation of the 2 fricatives were measured using Praat. These phonetic targets were selected because the standard placement of sensor coils on the lingual surface was anticipated to interfere with normal fricative production, causing them to become distorted. Results Perceptual ratings revealed a decrease in speech precision after sensor attachment and evidence of adaptation over time; there was little perceptual change beyond the 10-min recording. The spectral center of gravity for /s/ decreased, and the spectral standard deviation for /ʃ/ increased after sensor attachment, but the acoustic measures showed no evidence of adaptation over time. Conclusion The findings suggest that 10 min may be sufficient time to allow speakers to adapt before experimental data collection with Northern Digital Instruments Wave electromagnetic sensors.

The development of rediae ofFasciola hepaticainRadix natalensissubjected twice to bimiracidial exposures

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Dar ◽  
P. Vignoles ◽  
G. Dreyfuss ◽  
D. Rondelaud
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Snail Population ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
French Isolate ◽  
Over Time

AbstractExperimental infections of EgyptianRadix natalensiswith a French isolate ofFasciola hepatica(each snail was subjected twice to a bimiracidial exposure) were carried out to determine how many sporocysts grew in these snails and to study the developmental patterns of redial generations. Single-sporocyst infections were found in 69.3% (34/49) of infected snails, with equivalent numbers of normal and abnormal patterns. Snails with two- and three-sporocyst infections were 24.4% and 6.1%, respectively. In single- and two-sporocyst infections at days 42 and 56 post-exposure, the total redial burden was significantly higher in snails with a normal redial development. In two- and three-sporocyst infections, the overall maturity of rediae was delayed at days 42 and 56. The high frequency of abnormal patterns inR. natalensis(53.1% of all infected snails showed degeneration of a first mother redia) might be due to incomplete adaptation between the snail population and the parasite. The delayed redial maturity in two- and three-sporocyst infections can mainly be explained by the volume of the snail body, which would be insufficient to allow the simultaneous differentiation of most rediae over time.

scholarly journals In-flight calibration of the Hot Ion Analyser on board Cluster

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Blagau ◽  
I. Dandouras ◽  
A. Barthe ◽  
S. Brunato ◽  
G. Facskó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Detector ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Relaxation Experiment ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. The Hot Ion Analyser (HIA), part of the Cluster Ion Spectrometry experiment, has the objective to measure the three-dimensional velocity distributions of ions. Due to a variety of factors (exposure to radiation, detector fatigue and aging, changes in the operating parameters, etc.), the particles' detection efficiency changes over time, prompting for continuous in-flight calibration. This is achieved by comparing the HIA data with the data provided by the WHISPER (Waves of HIgh frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by Relaxation) experiment on magnetosheath intervals, for the high-sensitivity section of the instrument, or solar wind intervals, for the low-sensitivity section. The paper presents in detail the in-flight calibration methodology, reports on the work carried out for calibrating HIA and discusses plans to extend this activity in order to ensure the instrument's highest data accuracy.

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