Mumbling: Macho or Morphology?

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Weirich ◽  
Susanne Fuchs ◽  
Adrian Simpson ◽  
Ralf Winkler ◽  
Pascal Perrier
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Clear Speech ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Male Model ◽  
Pharyngeal Constriction ◽  
Articulatory Model ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Speech Clarity ◽  
Modeling Study

Purpose Mumbling as opposed to clear speech is a typical male characteristic in speech and can be the consequence of a small jaw opening. Whereas behavioral reasons have often been offered to explain sex-specific differences with respect to clear speech, the purpose of this study is to investigate a potential anatomical reason for smaller jaw openings in male than in female speakers. Method Articulatory data from 2 data sets (American English and German) were analyzed with respect to jaw opening in low vowels during speech. Particular focus was placed on sex-specific differences, also incorporating potential interactions with different accent conditions in 1 of the data sets. In addition, a modeling study compared the articulatory consequences of similar jaw-opening settings in a typical male and a typical female articulatory model. Results Greater jaw openings were found for the female speakers, in particular in the accented condition, where jaw opening was found to be larger. In line with this finding, the modeling study showed that similar jaw-opening settings in male and female speakers led to differences in pharyngeal constriction, resulting in complete radico-pharyngeal closure in the male model. Conclusion The empirical and modeling findings suggest a possible physiological component in sex-specific differences in speech clarity for low vowels.

Tongue–Palate Contact Pressure, Oral Air Pressure, and Acoustics of Clear Speech

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Searl ◽  
Paul M. Evitts
Keyword(s):  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Clear Speech ◽  
Speech Acoustics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speech Clarity ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Listener Ratings

Purpose The authors compared articulatory contact pressure (ACP), oral air pressure (Po), and speech acoustics for conversational versus clear speech. They also assessed the relationship of these measures to listener perception. Method Twelve adults with normal speech produced monosyllables in a phrase using conversational and clear speech. Target phonemes were /t, d, s, z, l, n/. ACP was measured at a point of articulatory contact; Po was sensed by a catheter open in the posterior oral cavity. Results ACP was increased to a greater extent in clear speech for /t, d, z/. Po was increased to a greater extent for /t, d/. Acoustic changes also occurred in terms of segment durations, speaking rate, and CV dB ratio. Regression analysis indicated that segment duration was the strongest predictor of listener ratings of speech clarity, followed by an index of articulatory effort and speaking rate. Conclusion Articulatory effort, as indexed by ACP, Po, and CV dB ratio, was increased to varying degrees depending on the consonant. Greatest changes occurred for /t, d/. Durational measures at both the segment and the phrase level were also important for predicting listener ratings of speech clarity.

scholarly journals Validating Synthetic Longitudinal Populations for evaluation of Population Data Linkage

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Dalton ◽  
Graham Kirby ◽  
Alan Dearle ◽  
Özgür Akgün ◽  
Monique Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Data Linkage ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Reconstruction ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Linkage Evaluation

Background’Gold-standard’ data to evaluate linkage algorithms are rare. Synthetic data have the advantage that all the true links are known. In the domain of population reconstruction, the ability to synthesize populations on demand, with varying characteristics, allows a linkage approach to be evaluated across a wide range of data. We have implemented ValiPop, a microsimulation model, for this purpose. ApproachValiPop can create many varied populations based upon sets of desired population statistics, thus allowing linkage algorithms to be evaluated across many populations, rather than across a limited number of real world ’gold-standard’ data sets. Given the potential interactions between different desired population statistics, the creation of a population does not necessarily imply that all desired population statistics have been met. To address this we have developed a statistical approach to validate the adherence of created populations to the desired statistics, using a generalized linear model. This talk will discuss the benefits of synthetic data for data linkage evaluation, the approach to validating created populations, and present the results of some initial linkage experiments using our synthetic data.

Building the evidence

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-92
Author(s):  
Marilyn May Vihman
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Word Use ◽  
Production Analysis ◽  
Prosodic Structures ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter presents data from six children learning American English at two developmental points: first word use and the end of the single-word period, when templates typically first begin to be identifiable. The chapter lays out procedures for identifying prosodic structures and variants and also consonant inventories, which give insight into the child’s resources for word production. Analysis of the most frequently used prosodic structures is followed by an analysis of each child’s data to permit template identification, based primarily on high proportionate use and adaptation. A developmental comparison of the two data sets shows continued reliance, by all the children, on the default or simplest CV structure, but advances in use of one- and two-syllable structures with codas. Consonant variegation is found to be the single greatest challenge for early word formation.

Clear Speech: Pronunciation and Listening Comprehension in American English

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Latif Sheikh-Ibrahim ◽  
Judy B. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
American English ◽  
Clear Speech

scholarly journals Integration of the Microbiome, Metabolome and Transcriptomics Data Identified Novel Metabolic Pathway Regulation in Colorectal Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5763
Author(s):  
Vartika Bisht ◽  
Katrina Nash ◽  
Yuanwei Xu ◽  
Prasoon Agarwal ◽  
Sofie Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway ◽  
Transcriptomics Data ◽  
Pathway Regulation ◽  
Potential Interactions

Integrative multiomics data analysis provides a unique opportunity for the mechanistic understanding of colorectal cancer (CRC) in addition to the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets. In this study, we used public omics data sets to investigate potential associations between microbiome, metabolome, bulk transcriptomics and single cell RNA sequencing datasets. We identified multiple potential interactions, for example 5-aminovalerate interacting with Adlercreutzia; cholesteryl ester interacting with bacterial genera Staphylococcus, Blautia and Roseburia. Using public single cell and bulk RNA sequencing, we identified 17 overlapping genes involved in epithelial cell pathways, with particular significance of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and the ACAT1 gene that indirectly regulates the esterification of cholesterol. These findings demonstrate that the integration of multiomics data sets from diverse populations can help us in untangling the colorectal cancer pathogenesis as well as postulate the disease pathology mechanisms and therapeutic targets.

American English adults’ perception of Spanish‐accented conversational and clear speech.

2010 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 1906-1906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika S. Levy ◽  
Paula B. Garcia ◽  
Dorothy Leone ◽  
Jessica A. Lew
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Clear Speech

Dynamic visualizations of language change

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hilpert
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
American English ◽  
Multivariate Data ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Bivariate Data ◽  
Dimensional Scaling ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Diachronic Analysis

This paper uses diachronic corpus data to visualize language change in a dynamic fashion. Bivariate and multivariate data sets form the input for so-called motion charts, i.e. series of diachronically ordered scatterplots that can be viewed in sequence. Based on data from COHA (Davies 2010), two case studies illustrate recent changes in American English. The first study visualizes change in a diachronic analysis of ambicategorical nouns and verbs such as hope or drink; the second study shows structural change in the behavior of complement-taking predicates such as expect or remember. Whereas motion charts are typically used to represent bivariate data sets, it is argued here that they are also useful for the analysis of multivariate data over time. The present paper submits multivariate diachronic data to a multi-dimensional scaling analysis. Viewing the resulting data points in separate time slices offers a holistic and intuitive representation of complex linguistic change.

scholarly journals Is smiling during humor so obvious? A cross-cultural comparison of smiling behavior in humorous sequences in American English and French interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Priego-Valverde ◽  
Brigitte Bigi ◽  
Salvatore Attardo ◽  
Lucy Pickering ◽  
Elisa Gironzetti
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
American English ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Smiling Behaviors

AbstractThe present article is part of a larger cross-cultural research project on speaker-hearer smiling behavior in humorous and non-humorous conversations in American English and French. The American corpus consists of eight computer-mediated interactions between English native speakers, and the French one consists of four face-to-face interactions between French native speakers. The goal of the study is twofold: first, we analyze the link between smiling and humor, focusing on the degree of synchronicity of smiling and the intensity of smiling during humorous and non-humorous segments; second, we investigate the various targets mobilized in conversational humor. The results obtained comparing the two data-sets show a correlation between the presence of humor, an increased smiling intensity, and an increase in the synchronized smiling behaviors displayed by participants. However, the two corpora also differ in terms of the displayed smiling behaviors: French participants display more non-synchronic smiling when humor is absent and more synchronic smiling when humor is present. Regarding the various targets of humor (Speaker, Recipient, Other person, Situation, Speaker+Recipient), while their distribution is different – it is more evenly distributed in the French data – the way in which these are mobilized in order to become humorous is quite similar.

Clear Speech, Pronunciation and Listening Comprehension in American English

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Bette Lefeber Ervin ◽  
Judy A. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
American English ◽  
Clear Speech
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